GROUPS PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY, FUNCTION, AND ETHICS Research Paper

Gatherings PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY, FUNCTION, AND ETHICS - Research Paper Example Above all, the personality, work, and moral prerequisites in bunch fill in as an expert and Christian advisor will be given accentuation incorporating Biblical worth audits in serving little gatherings which investigates God’s truth and how customer needs can be met by partaking in a close gathering setting. Catchphrases: bunch advising, directing, bunch treatment, Christian advocate Introduction Professional gathering guiding spreads multi-faceted points of view in the mind life of various sorts of individuals. This is viewed as a major aspect of brain science â€Å"in action†. Despite the fact that gathering advising has the rules and boundaries to follow as gave by various books on Group Counseling created by specialists on the fields like G. Corey , S. Venkates, Jacobs, et.al, Corey and Callahan, the code of morals from the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC), among others, that can direct gathering guide s or facilitators in their lead of their gathering advising, this field of gathering guiding, is as yet confronted with various difficulties and issues like multicultural decent variety, moral issues covering secrecy and double practice (gathering and individual advising) , ACA versus AACC code of morals, Christian versus common guiding, and so forth. These difficulties and issues must be tended to in like manner for the training to continue and create in the manner it ought to be. Maybe, this review of expert gathering guiding would give some illumination on ill defined situations understudy. Proposal Statement This paper tries to bring thus some proof or realities in regards to chosen issues about gathering advising like the falsehood and exchanging utilization of such ideas as direction, guiding and treatment; the issue on having a mainstream and a Christian gathering advocate, â€Å"dual relationship† guiding practice, and how to choose a gathering head or advisor. These are a few territories that this paper will introduce with the expectation that further edification can be accomplished or better ends can be determined for future scholastic examination endeavors. An Overview of Group Professional Counseling Early Beginnings Joseph Pratt (1905, applied first proper restorative gathering experience), Alfred Adler (1922, star sprinter of gathering guiding), and Jacob Moreno (1922, pioneer for gathering and psycho treatment), Trigant Burrow (1935, psychoanalytic gathering investigation) and Kurt Lewin (1940, author of hypothesis dependent on Gestalt standard) were noted to be the first to utilize bunch counseling† (Berg, et.al, 2002). During this phase of directing field improvement, customers were looking for social collaboration which was regularly found inside gatherings. A few early advising bunches that you even observe today created through time. Jacobs et.al portrayed these gatherings dependent on their own gathering classes by usefulness, as follows: â€Å"a)Education bunch †gives customers different data; b) Discussion group†centers around issues or points and not on the individuals individual concern; c)Task bunch what necessities to achieve an assignment or errand arranged action ; d) Growth and Experiential gathering is a gathering wherein a part needs to be in a gathering and is roused to get familiar with themselves in a gathering like T-gatherings; e) Counseling and Therapy bunch varies from the development bunches since individuals go to the gathering for specific issues; f) Support bunch empowers individuals to learn other people’

Answer Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answer Questions - Assignment Example Nonetheless, the word â€Å"theatre† likewise procured distinctive implying that was additionally called non-Vitruvian. It showed up when it gets stylish to show exhibitions outside. Along these lines, â€Å"theatre† additionally implied â€Å"performance†, not working, as exhibitions didn't require a development to be appeared in any longer (Anderson 7). The term â€Å"illusionistic point of view background† is utilized by Anderson, when he needs to disclose to perusers Sulpicio’s reference to â€Å"painted scene†. As indicated by the creator, this reference stays dark as it was not authentic that the auditorium of this time utilized such foundation (Anderson 5). Agreeing, to Anderson, â€Å"theatres† were ephemeral in the sixteenth century principally on the grounds that exhibitions were once in a while appeared in uncommon spots for exhibitions, which we call â€Å"theatres† now. Teatro Olimpico remained the main perpetual spot, yet exhibitions were demonstrated once in a while even there. On the off chance that a few developments were made, they were destroyed soon. The word â€Å"theater† still was utilized as an equivalent for the word â€Å"performance† and not â€Å"a working for performances†. In addition, in the sixteenth century it was trendy to welcome on-screen characters to private houses to see the exhibition. Individuals favored exhibitions to be appeared in their homes and didn't as a rule visit theaters (Anderson 16). Anderson doesn't express that â€Å"theatre buildings† were extremely significant for workmanship and its turn of events. He expounds on exceptional exhibitions, which were held in fifteenth and sixteenth hundreds of years and they didn't require any unique structures, they could be held all over and this was a genuine workmanship. I believe that workmanship in a free structure is increasingly wonderful and this is an incredible craftsmanship. Entertainers worked with no exceptional planning, they were truly talented individuals who could begin playing their exhibition at any second with no enhancements and ensembles current on-screen characters use. In any case, I concur with

GAAP Rule effect on International Accounting Essay

GAAP Rule impact on International Accounting - Essay Example As indicated by this model income won't be perceived except if the exhibition prerequisite is fulfilled. The FASB and IASB proposed a methodology for acknowledgment of income which will frame one single standard in all industry for bookkeeping. These recently evolved principles need better revelation in monetary record. This will help a bookkeeper by making their activity a lot simpler in light of the fact that they don’t need to keep different gauges. FASB has created five stages that an organization must follow for the new procedure of acknowledgment of income. 1. An organization must perceive the agreement for income acknowledgment. This will gracefully products and enterprises to its client. Agreements can be in composed organization or might be oral. Organization required portioning the agreement if the estimation of certain products or administrations is arranged autonomously. 2. The merchandise and ventures of agreement ought to be accounted as various execution commitm ents in light of the fact that the products or administrations are sold autonomously and they have diverse overall revenue. On the off chance that the great or administration is comparable, at that point it must be joined with other great or administration until an alternate presentation commitment is made. 3. This is the third step in acknowledgment process. In this procedure organization needs to decide the exchange cost.

Trading Strategies Essay Example for Free

Exchanging Strategies Essay The Dutch Tulip Boom (1636-1637) The tulips, a wonderful bloom normally connected with the Netherlands are blossoms that have an infamous financial history in that nation. The tulip is definitely not a local Dutch blossom. In the same way as other different items in western Europe, for example, the potato and tobacco, tulips went to the Netherlands from another piece of the world. Tulip was acquainted with the Dutch on the year 1593. It was said that the tulip was first observed by Europeans in Turkey. Researchers currently accept that the Turks had been developing tulips as right on time as AD 1000(Sykes, T. (2003),‘Tulips from Amsterdam). The greater part of these tulips most likely began in regions around the Black Sea, in the Crimea, and in the steppes toward the north of the Caucasus. In those days it used to order a lofty value which could be adding up to a little fortune, today the said blossoms are accessible at unassuming costs. At the point when the Tulip was first acquainted with Holland, tulip proprietorship was fundamentally restricted to well off nobles and researchers. Antwerp, Brussels, Augsburg, Paris, and Prague are among a portion of the urban areas where such tulips initially started to flow. The over the top cost just as the incredible interest for this item offered ascend to a remarkable occasion in Dutch history †The Tulip blast ofâ 1636 †1637. The Tulip Boom was a financial wonder whichâ occurred on the year 1636. This rage went on for a year. (McGuigan, B. (2007), ‘What is a Tulip Craze?’, Conjecture Corporation) The reason for the said wonders was the unexpected flood of the interest for tulip blossoms and bulbs. The Tulip was prized in those days for its irregularity, excellence and as a result of the way that it takes around 7 years to grow a tulip seed into a bulb. It was said that a sensible price tag for an ordinaryâ single tulip-bulb of the Viceroy assortment comprises of: â€Å"two [loads] of wheat and four of rye, four fat bulls, eight pigs, twelve sheep, two bull heads of wine, four tons of spread, a thousand pounds of cheddar, a bed, some attire and a silver measuring utencil. This cost generally assessed to sum toâ 2,500 guilders (Dutch Currency) is obviously ludicrously extravagant these days thinking about that it is just for a bit of bulb which doesn't ensure that it will create a blossom. The said cost anyway during those daysâ is esteemed a Fair and reasonable† buy priceâ for a normal tulip bulb. Rarer species during the stature of the Dutch ‘tulip mania’ in the seventeenth century would be twofold or triple that value, a Semper Augustus, viewed as significantly more valuable than the Viceroy tulip, could acquire near 6,000 guilders. (Schulman, B. (2007), ‘Tulip’, The Regents of Minnesota University) In the long run, a few tulips were sold at the pace of a solitary bulb for the estimation of a house, and heaps of bulbs were traded for enormous domains. Tulips turned into an item on the Dutch stock trades, permitting individuals who weren’t cultivators or merchants to attempt to exploit this blast. It was noticed that numerous individuals started placing tremendous measures of riches into hypothesis on the tulip showcase †in extraordinary cases, even their whole investment funds or properties. The Tulip rage arrived at a fevered contribute the year 1636, which saw a ton ofâ cash filling the market, just as theory on tulip fates offered by dealers who had not yet planted bulbs. At around 1637, the market got soaked with the said item, and a few brokers started to sell, regularly in huge sums. This caused alarm on the supposed tulip dealers making them need to sell their tulips quickly even up to the pointâ of selling modest. Obviously the saidâ theory caused a gigantic downturn. As aâ result theâ tulip rage demolished a huge number of individuals monetarily, as tulip bulbs that had been bought at the cost of an incredible bequest were about cheapened for the time being to the cost of regular onions. To prevent the economy from diving and on account of the reality thatâ tulip costs and the act of tulip theory turned out to be so over the top and furious the States ofâ Holland passed a resolution controling such limits in the year 1637. (Jones, S. ((2005), ‘House Prices Tulip Mania An exercise from History !’) II.   The Current Global Mining Resources Boom As of the present, Mining organizations are amidst a gigantic monetary blast, went with elevated levels of interest andâ a better than expected lift in income and benefits. It is clear thatâ the Global  demand for metals is firmly identified with worldwide GDP, albeit quickly extending economies will in general have a higher power of utilization of certain metals, especially prepares, than cutting edge nations (Mandaro, L(2006).â ‘Joy Global: No conclusion to mining blast in sight’,). Numerous experts accept that the present pinnacles may speak to long haul quality in the market, driven to a great extent by the monetary motors of China and India. The fast development ofâ Chinese and Indian economies appear to have been contrarily influenced byâ theâ development of Western economies. The headway being appreciated by the two nations is showingâ no indications of approaching droop or stagnation. The said Phenomenal degrees of this interest were not expected nor anticipated(Achieving High Performance in Mining: Winning Today, Succeeding Tomorrow (1996-2007). The mining business might not have indistinguishable nature of cycles from normally apparent by speculators, however the present degree of high metals costs gives off an impression of being holding up and the anticipated pinnacle continues moving. In the midst of the obvious boomâ which the mining area is encountering by and by, a few estimates despite everything need toâ be implementedâ by the  executives of the mining parts to concentrate on the open doors that todays high product costs present, it is clear that the mining division needs to watch out for critical difficulties that lie past the present blast to accomplish elite. It is a well established reality thatâ althoughâ costs are not liable to drop to the lows which happened a couple of years back, the said pricesâ are probably going to vacillate and fall beneath todays levels. This evaluation is viewed as exact given the quantity of players all inclusive, there is a high danger of putting resources into future abundance limit. Creation costs are soaring, particularly vitality and information material costs, these factors appear to have decreased the positive effectsâ the advantages of the ware blast has available for the mining business. In a worldwide industry, item cost and money unpredictability can possibly dissolve the advantages originating from the benefits being delighted in by the Mining business (Ernst Young.(2006) ‘A Timely Opportunity for Private Equity?’). Todays solid market offers organizations a chance to put resources into getting ready to address those difficulties. Mining organizations need to get ready for a potential downturn just as for proceeded with appeal. To put it plainly, they have to adjust the capacity to abuse todays blast times with all around established methodologies that will keep on conveying an incentive to investors in the post-blast period. They additionally should give close consideration to a scope of issues to drive the triple main concern and spotlight on monetary outcomes, yet in addition on the social and natural effect of their tasks. In a time of worldwide rivalry, mining organizations should continually search for approaches to improve those activities, generally by applying current innovation on the mining types of gear utilized from mines to concentrators to smelters (Ernst Young.(2006) ‘A Timely Opportunity for Private Equity?’). III. The New York Stocks Exchange Commission (NYSE) Stock trade exchanges are fundamentally exchanges that include the everyday exercises of specialists and sellers. These people encourage the purchasing and selling of money related resources. Dealers execute exchanges for the benefit of customers and get commissions and expenses in return for coordinating purchasers and venders. Vendors, then again, purchase and sell from their own portfolios (Stock Exchange(2007)) Microsoft MSN Encyclopedia Encarta) .They gain pay by selling a monetary instrument at a value that is more prominent than the value the seller paid for the instrument. Some trade members perform the two jobs. The said exchanges happen as often as possible these days and is administered essentially by Stock trade commissions, the most noted of these associations would presumably be the New York Stocks Exchange Commission.â The New York Stocks Exchange Commission is the universes biggest commercial center for protections. It wasâ sorted out in 1792 by a gathering of stockbrokers who needed an all the more deliberate approach to sell and purchase organization stocks (The New York Stock Exchange) (2007),â Encyclopedia Britannica Online). The New York Stock trade was once in the past situated at number 40 Wall Street in New York City, But As the said foundation developed it wasâ later moved into what is at present the New York Stock Exchange Building. Participation wasâ constrained to 1,366 since 1953, and is acquired by buying a seat from a currentâ existing part. Significant stock trades in the United States incorporate the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), both in New York City. The NYSE isâ worked by a governing body, whose essential job is toâ list downâ protections, to set arrangements and to direct the stock trade and its part exercises. Another significant capacity of the NYSE is to manage the exchange of individuals situates on the Exchange, which would include deciding whether a potential candidate is able to be a pro. Stock trades perform significant jobs in national economies (New York Stock Exchange †NYSE (2007), Investopedia). In particular, they energize speculation by giving spots to purchasers and merchants to exchange protections. This speculation, thus, enabl

Plea Bargaining essays

Supplication Bargaining papers Supplication Bargaining a Vastly Used Concept Everything begins with supported up courts. A man is accused of executing another man. There is no proof to convict this man of these charges. This leads the examiners to work out a supplication deal. The weight of different cases and the requirement for a blameworthy charge is the thing that drives supplication haggling to happen all the more consistently. Thus numerous lawbreakers get off simple and consequently examiners search useful for winning the case. The act of request dealing is a questionable issue that both advantage the court and the lawbreaker. Supplication haggling was not in every case wide spread all through the court framework. Today it is a fundamental practice for examiners to take care of hoodlums, regardless of whether it is for lesser allegations. Request deals occur for some reasons and are recipient and negative to everybody included the procedure. The reasons why request dealing is utilized such a great amount of range from the charged to the investigators. This training is typically utilized in light of the fact that courts nowadays are over run with cases and can't give preliminaries. More the 90% of feelings originate from arranged supplications, which implies less then 10% of criminal cases bring about a trial,(Plea Bargain 1). This happens regularly in light of the fact that investigators need to get the blameworthy decision. Most lawbreakers need to supplication deal realizing they will get a simpler sentence despite the fact that they may be blameworthy and merit more. Supplication deals furnish both examiner and safeguard with some command over the result,(Maynard 145). This statement is actually why such a significant number of cases are being chosen by the request bartering technique. Another motivation behind why this is so regularly utilized is that there are insufficient courts in any state to give everybody a rea sonable and expedient preliminary. Something must be worked out and liable requests can be turned out in hours, contrasted with preliminaries, which can now and then a weeks ago. Despite the fact that many are against the supplication haggling that goes on in todays courts, there ... <! supplication haggling expositions No standard meaning of supplication haggling exists among experts. The meaning of supplication haggling changes relying upon the locale and on the specific circumstance of its utilization. A general definition that fills in as a valuable beginning stage to feature the issue is: the procedure whereby the denounced and the examiner in a criminal case work out a commonly acceptable air of the case subject to court endorsement. It typically includes the respondents conceding to a lesser offense or to just one or some of the checks of a multi-include prosecution as an end-result of a lighter sentence than that is feasible for the graver charge. In any case, the genuine idea of request dealing incorporates circumstances where legal audit is nonexistent. Moreover makes a decision about only from time to time dismiss supplication bartering understandings including condemning suggestions by the examiner. The assortment of concessions reaches out to the furthest reaches of the investigators or judges creative mind. A far reaching definition characterizes request haggling as the def endants consent to concede to a criminal allegation with the sensible desire for getting a few thought from the state. Eyewitnesses reprimanded supplication dealing both as an awkward, wasteful, and apathetic technique for directing equity and as a bargain of a litigants right to a jury preliminary. Supplication bargainings versatility gives probably a few advantages to all players in the criminal equity framework: lead prosecutors, protection lawyers, litigants, judges and, Supplication bartering gives lawyers snappy, effective strategy for dealing with a Litigants profits by supplication dealing are self-evident. In return for conceding and dodging preliminary, litigants can get concessions from the investigator or the excusal of a portion of the charges in their prosecution. In spite of the fact that they ... <! Request Bargaining expositions When managing the Criminal Justice framework request haggling is something that is a typical event. At the point when some sort of an arrangement between the examiner and the resistance lawyer happens and there is no preliminary, this would be viewed as a request deal. (Criminal Justice, Pg.454) Although the litigant does free a portion of his constitution rights by tolerating it, he has a few advantages. Request deals as a rule have a decrease of the conviction or the condemning. Since the supplication deal is ordinarily done under one of two different ways, it is dependent upon the investigator to choose which one they use. (Criminal Justice, Pg.456) After he looks at the case, he utilizes his own judgment and experience to decide if he gets an opportunity of winning the case. In the event that he feels that there is certifiably not a generally excellent possibility, at that point he may search for a request deal. The explanation that examiners bring down the charges or sentence is on the grounds that they need to ensure that he gets some kind of punishment, regardless of whether it is lower than what they at first needed. (Criminal Justice, Pg. 456) Another manners by which investigators approach the supplication haggling process is cheating. At first he may cheat the person in question, which will threaten the litigant. (Criminal Justice, Pg. 456) When he feels all is good and well, he will start a supplication deal. His goal was to make the respondent feel that he was showing signs of improvement bargain when he brings down the charges. (Criminal Justice, Pg. 456) Numerous barrier lawyers approach the investigator with a supplication deal that confesses to a lesser allegation. (Criminal Justice, Pg. 457) Most of the time they start the deal since they are attempting to avoid a higher charge. (Criminal Justice, Pg.457) The resistance lawyers need to settle on the choice of what supplication deals to start and furthermore, which ones they will acknowledge. In some cases the respondent is accused of numerous tallies of a similar wrongdoing. For this situation, a supplication b ... <!

Discussion On Should Smoking Be Allowed In Public Places - 275 Words

Discussion On Should Smoking Be Allowed In Public Places? (Essay Sample) Content: Should smoking be allowed at parks and other outdoor public venues?AuthorInstitution AffiliationThere are people who believe that smoking should be allowed in the parks as well as other outdoor places since they think it is their choice to make whether to smoke or not and where. The major reason why I believe that smoking in parks and public venues should be banned is that it kills you, your family and even your pets. In addition, smoking in public places is unhealthy and sets a bad precedence for the future generations. It is even worse for those people with other diseases such as asthma when a person smokes in public since it makes it even worse.Smoking kills not just the one who smokes but also the family members and pets. Smoking is one of the major causes of cancer which is a terminal disease (Watson and Qadri, 2017). Smoking releases hazardous chemicals into the air which may be inhaled by other people and pose a health risk to other members of the public.Smoki ng in public also sets a bad example for the teenagers who may also indulge in the bad habit practiced by the elders. Nevertheless, smokers usually throw the remaining parts of the cigarettes on the ground which may cause a fire or litter the public places (Thomson., Martin, Gifford, and Parata, 2016). Adult smokers set a bad precedence to the teenagers which increase the risk of teens adopting this unhealthy lifestyle.Smoking in parks and public venues is even worse for the sick people. The asthmatic patients may develop further complications when near somebody who smokes (Keane, 2016). This irritates the airways and makes them to swell and become narrow. Therefore, we should not allow a behavior which is detrimental to other people.

Marijuana Medical Uses And Legal Concerns

It is said that our human bodies are merely instruments in the vast universe, and if taken from a logical standpoint, one can deduce that human beings are simply grounded on nature. Considering this, it is only natural that we have observed such patterns in human societies through time. Thousands of years of records show human societies in close contact with their environments, discovering and using ingredients provided for by their respective environments to obtain food and medicine. Such cognizance and application of these plants as food and medicine have been recognized through trial and error, and gradually through the process, humans gained the capability to meet their needs from the surroundings.Data on the use of medicinal plants has long been conveyed from generation to generation, and from then on, this string of human knowledge has helped improve the progression of civilizations and necessities. Based on records, medicinal plants are utilized in almost all cultures, and the se plants include the marijuana plant. However, its significance in society seems to have been lost in translation - at some point in history, others have discovered a brand new use for it. This has caused a division on the use of the marijuana plant; the other side pushes for its legalization and the other half, its continuous limitation. With the current state of things, however, ensuring the quality and effectiveness of medicine is a key issue in every aspect of the world. This is why most wish for the legalization of marijuana to materialize. Herbal drugs can help the emergence of a new era of the healthcare system to treat human diseases in the future. Still, however, the idea of the fickle human continuing to bastardize the plant is not very far off. Marijuanas Origin and UsesNature has always been a wonder, much so with respect to showcasing the phenomena of coexistence. Organic products from plants, minerals, and animals have always been the basis of treating human diseases, even with the onset of man-made drugs. Presently, however, medicinal plants are slowly rising in demand, and the acceptance of their benefits is rapidly increasing. Indubitably, plants play a vital role by providing the essentials in ecosystems. Without plants, humans and other organisms alike will not be able to survive. Medicinal plants have been used by humans since prehistoric times. With trial and error, civilizations then could use them as fuel, clothing, shelter and food, among other things. Today, we can also deduce that the benefits of medicinal plants are endless, and such concept can also be applied to the case of marijuana.See sample essay on Marijuanas Origin and UsesThe Positive Effects of MarijuanaThough limited to an extent, the research on the uses of marijuana proves to be promising. In fact, researchers believe that it could impact tens of thousands of adults and children, as the marijuana plant has shown prowess in the treatment of epilepsy, cancer and even the dreaded Alzheimers, to name a few. Considering the concept of pain alone, marijuana has been shown, time and time again, to greatly reduce the demand for narcotics. This can also lower the cases of accidental painkiller overdose, deemed as one of the leading causes and most preventable death in the United States. Marijuana, according to available research, is a medicine. It should therefore be studied and treated like other medicines. From a physicians point of view, health risks developing from smoking marijuana have very little evidence. This statement relies heavily on the fact that marijuana has been smoked widely in Western countries for four decades and no reported cases of lung cancer or emphysema have ever been attributed to marijuana. Many argue that cities with poor air quality carries more danger than smoking a dose of marijuana a day.See sample essay on The Positive Effects of MarijuanaMarijuana for Mental HealthFor many patients with psychiatric disorders, the use of m arijuana results to improvement in their symptoms, regardless of its legal status. Marijuana is used to alleviate the symptoms of anxiety disorders, PTSD, depression, insomnia, ADHD, and even eating disorders. Moreover, those people suffering make use of marijuana for neurological conditions like agitation in dementia, exact seizure disorders, and agitation in dementia, all of which remain unresponsive to traditional therapies. Records also show cancer patients making use of marijuana, mostly to improve their mood and outlook.Sample essay on Marijuana and PTSDAn essay on Marijuana and Eating DisordersMarijuana for the Creative ProcessA known effect of marijuana is, of course, altering an individuals mental state. Many look to marijuana and its mind-altering properties as aid to ones creative process. Previous cases show that marijuana serves as a muse to reinforce the creative genius, which is apparent in the music scene. One key component of creativity is divergent thinking, which pertains to the human brains ability to see things in a variety of perspectives. Here, a person is enabled to look at something from a multitude of angles, mostly in a way they have never seen before. Divergent thinking is said to be induced by marijuana, along with hyper-priming. In psychology, this is defined as an effect where discovering a concept helps make other related concepts even more accessible. The frontal lobe of the human brain is where these activities take place marijuana has access to it.Sample essay on Marijuana and the Creative ProcessMarijuana for Medical PurposesResearch shows that the most common use of medical marijuana in America is to alleviate pain. Marijuana is not strong enough for severe pain, which a broken bone or post-surgical pain could induce. Nevertheless, marijuana proves to be quite potent for chronic pain that affects most of the countrys population, especially those that appear in advanced age. Studies show that marijuana is safer than opiates , as an overdose on marijuana is not possible and the possibility of developing an addiction is lesser. Many also argue that it can take the place of traditional painkillers like Advil, which cannot be taken by people who suffer from kidney problems, ulcers, or GERD. Marijuana also appears to ease nerve pain and relax muscles people with Parkinsons disease swear by the marijuana plant, as they report to have less tremors after consumption. Along these lines, it is also shown to help patients suffering from syndromes associated with HIV and Crohns disease.Sample essay on Marijuana for Medical PurposesSample essay on Legalizing Medical MarijuanaSee sample essay on Marijuana and Alzheimers diseaseSee sample essay on Marijuana for CancerSample essay on Marijuana and Crohns DiseaseMarijuana for RecreationRecreational marijuana is used to intentionally change an individuals state of consciousness, which often results to the production of feelings of happiness and exhilaration. When the c onstituent enters the users system, it produces an intoxicating effect, which people refer to as a high. Marijuana for recreation can be taken in several forms. It is commonly smoked, in the form of a dry and shredded mix of green and brown flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds. It can be smoked as a joint, a blunt, or in a pipe or bong. Other users also mix marijuana in food, or even brewed as tea. Marijuana used for recreation has boundaries, of course. For it to be classified as recreation, it has to be occasional. The marijuana user should also be easily able to decide whether to use it or not, with no particular compulsion involved.See sample essay on Marijuana for RecreationThe Negative Effects of MarijuanaOne the other end of the spectrum, people argue that there is no such thing as medical marijuana. Marijuana is one of the most frequently used illegal drugs in US states that are yet to legalize it. Those against its legalization argue that its consumption poses many health risk s, and on the front lines is the threat of addiction. There is a long debate about the extent of its addictive properties, particularly in physical and psychological. There are research showing that this is true, especially concerning long-term users and youth, a market segment who started their marijuana habit using high THC and the psychoactive ingredient. Other scientists also push researches that show how marijuana affects motor responses. According to these studies, marijuana impairs motor coordination and reaction time significantly, which makes use a detriment to driving and other preventable accidents. Although marijuana is recognized as safer compared to other drugs and alcohol and tobacco, it still causes many health issues. This is backed up by the negative experiences reported by some marijuana users.See essay on The Negative Effects of MarijuanaThe Marijuana StigmaThe use of hallucinogenic drugs can be traced back to ancient societies, as these were mostly used for reli gion, magic, and medicine. Despite the survival of these traditions used up until today, the contemporary culture has found another approach to marijuana use recreation. This has become a common practice, but along with this came the drastic shift in societal perception. This perception has long been existing in the United States, which many argue where the early stigma came from. The stigma was rooted from racism and prejudiced perceptions of its users. Due to the psychoactive components of marijuana, there was propaganda spread around about its adverse health effects. Moreover, recreational users were often perceived as criminals; according to the stigma, if you were a user, then you would commit theft, rape, and murder. The stigma was further solidified after the official passing of the marijuana prohibition law, where the people became further convinced that marijuana was, indeed, bad. This happened despite the emergence of potent scientific evidence proving that marijuana is b eneficial.See essay on the Marijuana StigmaMarijuana and Drug AbuseThe use of marijuana can potentially lead to the development of substance abuse, which is known as a marijuana use disorder. In severe cases, this takes the form of addiction. Recent studies suggest that over 30% of individuals who use marijuana may have developed some degree of marijuana use disorder. Researchers also note that those who engage in marijuana use before the age of 18 are more likely to develop this marijuana use disorder, more so than adults. This disorder is often linked with dependence, a situation in which an individual experiences withdrawal symptoms when left without the presence of the substance in the body system.Sample essay on Marijuana and Drug AbuseMarijuana and Brain DevelopmentThere are evidence that point a link between marijuana and brain development. According to research, people who begin using marijuana as teenagers can lead to impairment in thinking, learning, and memory functions. Data also reveals that marijuana also affects the brain process, particularly one that builds connections between the brain areas necessary for normal bodily functions. However, continuous research on marijuanas adverse effects is being conducted, along with the feasibility of such effects to be irreversible.See sample essay on Marijuana and Brain DevelopmentDifferent Perspectives on MarijuanaGiven the fact that marijuana remains to be a subject of debate, it is only natural that views on its usage exist on varying degrees. On one hand, we look at the accounts of those who have experienced the medical wonders of marijuana. Their narrative dictates that the marijuana plant, indeed, has given them refuge no modern medicine can ever achieve. On the other, we consider the perspective of those who rally against marijuana. To them, the plant merely brings forth multiple problems and should remain illegal.Sample narrative essay from a medical marijuana userSample narrative essay on a neutr al view on marijuanaSee sample narrative essay from an individual against marijuana use

Scope Ratio When Anchoring

Scope is a ratio of the length of an  anchor rode from the bit to the anchor shackle and the depth of the water under the bow of the boat measured from deck height. The anchor, shackle, rode, and bit are a few components of Ground Tackle used in anchoring a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹vessel. Or, if you like formulas: SL/D where L is the length of the anchor rode and D is depth under the bow. What is the Correct Scope? The correct scope depends on several variables, but there is no need to compute this exactly. Getting close is good enough in this case. First, it might be best to explain why we want a certain ratio of scope and what will happen if the ratio is much too large or much too small. Too small is much worse than too large when it comes to scope. Different types of anchors bite into the bottom in different ways, but all have the same property of digging in when they have pulled along at a low angle in relation to the bottom structure. This dragging is what secures the anchor to the bottom. If the water is 60 feet (18 M) deep and the anchor rode is 120 feet (36 M) then the scope is 2:1 and far too small. You see, when the boat drifts and pulls the anchor with this ratio of scope it will not drag smoothly and bite in. The result is the anchor being pulled from the bottom with each small wave and bouncing along leaving the vessel far from the intended position. If the scope is too large, the anchor will bite or set into position but the vessel will most likely surge and drift as forces act on it. In this case, we will use the same water depth of 60 feet (18 M) but increase the length of the rode to 600 feet (180 M). This gives us a scope of 10:1 which is not inappropriate if winds or currents are very strong but is not the best ratio for general anchoring. The scope that is best for keeping the anchor set and keeping tension on the anchor rode is around 7:1. If we plug our numbers into the formula a water depth of 60 feet (18 M) will require a rode of 420 feet (126 M). A scope of 7:1 will not pull the anchor free but it will maintain tension for a safe and comfortable stay in the anchorage. Areas with Strong Tidal Runs If you do find yourself in an area with a strong tidal run, like you may find in some hurricane holes, it will be necessary to reset the anchor rode scope. Tides of less than three or four meters can come and go as long as the sailor takes this change into account when setting the anchor. In a big tidal run of ten or more meters, its best to lay out a fore and aft anchor and be generous with the scope. Adjustments should always be made to prevent slack and avoid collision with other vessels or obstacles. In areas of hard rock or coral, care should be taken with the first thirty feet of rode which should be abrasion resistant Kevlar jacketed line or chain. Chain provides the best protection but it can cause sharp jolts in rough conditions although, in light waves, the weight of the chain will buffer some of the movement. Jacketed anchor rode is generally better because it is lighter and easier to handle plus it offers some shock absorbing properties that could add years of life to the deck and tying fixtures of your boat.

The Fourth Dimension - Definition in Art History

We live in a three-dimensional world and our brains are trained to see three dimensions — height, width, and depth. This was formalized thousands of years ago in the year 300 B.C. by the Alexandrian Greek philosopher, Euclid, who founded a school of mathematics, wrote a textbook called the Euclidean Elements, and is known as the father of geometry. However, several hundred years ago physicists  and mathematicians postulated a fourth dimension. Mathematically, the  fourth dimension  refers to time as another dimension  along with length, width, and depth. It  also refers to space and the space-time continuum. For some, the fourth dimension is spiritual or metaphysical. Many artists during the early 20th century, among them the Cubists, Futurists, and Surrealists, have attempted to convey the fourth dimension in their two-dimensional artwork, moving beyond the realistic representation of three-dimensions to a visual interpretation of the fourth dimension, and creating a world of infinite possibilities. Theory of Relativity The idea of time as a fourth dimension is usually attributed to the Theory of Special Relativity proposed in 1905 by the German physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955). However, the idea that time is a dimension goes back to the 19th century, as seen in the novel The Time Machine  (1895) by British author H.G. Wells (1866-1946), wherein a scientist invents a machine that lets him travel to different eras, including the future. Although we may not be able to travel through time in a machine, scientists have more recently  discovered that time travel is, in fact, theoretically possible.   Henri Poincarà © Henri Poincarà © was a French philosopher, physicist, and mathematician who influenced both Einstein and  Pablo Picasso with his 1902 book, Science and Hypothesis. According to an article in Phaidon,   Picasso was particularly struck by Poincarà ©s advice on how to view the fourth dimension, which artists considered another spatial dimension. If you could transport yourself into it, you would see every perspective of a scene at once. But how to project these perspectives on to canvas? Picassos response to Poincarà ©s advice on how to view the fourth dimension was Cubism --  viewing multiple perspectives of a subject at once. Picasso never met Poincarà © or Einstein, but their ideas transformed his art, and art thereafter. Cubism and Space Although the Cubists did not necessarily know  about Einsteins theory —  Picasso was unaware of Einstein when he created Les Demoiselles dAvignon  (1907), an early Cubist painting — they were aware of the popular idea of time travel. They also understood Non-Euclidean geometry, which the artists Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger discussed in their book Cubism  (1912). There they mention the German mathematician Georg Riemann (1826-1866) who developed the hypercube. Simultaneity in Cubism was one way artists illustrated their  understanding of the fourth dimension, meaning that the artist would simultaneously show  views of the same subject from different viewpoints  Ã¢â‚¬â€ views that would not normally be able to be seen together at the same time in the real world. Picassos Protocubist painting, Demoiselles DAvignon, is an example of such a painting, since it uses simultaneous fragments of the subjects as seen from different viewpoints - for example, both a profile and frontal view of the same face. Other examples of Cubist paintings showing simultaneity are Jean Metzingers Tea Time (Woman with a Teaspoon) (1911), Le Oiseau Bleu (The Blue Bird  (1912-1913), and  Robert Delaunays paintings of the Eiffel Tower behind curtains.   In this sense, the Fourth Dimension concerns the way in which two kinds of perception work together as we interact with objects or people in space. That is, to know things in real time, we must bring our memories from past time into the present. For example, when we sit down, we dont look at the chair as we lower ourselves on to it. We assume the chair will still be there when our bottoms hit the seat. Cubists painted their subjects based not on how they saw them, but on what they knew of them, from multiple perspectives. Futurism and Time Futurism, which was an offshoot of Cubism, was a movement that originated in Italy and was interested in motion, speed, and the beauty of modern life. The futurists were influenced by a new technology called chrono-photography  that showed the movement of the subject in still-photos through a sequence of frames, much like a childs flip-book. It was the precursor to film and animation. One of the first futurist paintings was  Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash  (1912), by Giacomo Balla, conveying the concept of movement and speed by blurring and repetition of the subject. Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2 (1912), by Marcel Duchamp, combines the Cubist technique of multiple views with the futurist technique of the repetition of a single figure in a sequence of steps, showing the human form in motion. Metaphysical and Spiritual Another definition for the fourth dimension is the act of perceiving (consciousness) or feeling (sensation). Artists and writers often think of the fourth dimension as the life of the mind and many early 20th century artists used ideas about the fourth dimension to explore metaphysical content.   The fourth dimension is associated with infinity and unity; the reversal of reality and unreality; time and motion; non-Euclidean geometry and space; and spirituality. Artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, and Piet Mondrian,  each explored those ideas in unique ways in their abstract paintings.   The fourth dimension also inspired Surrealists such as the Spanish artist Salvador Dali, whose painting, Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) (1954), united a classical portrayal of Christ with a tesseract, a four-dimensional cube. Dali used the idea of the fourth dimension to illustrate the spiritual world transcending our physical universe. Conclusion Just as mathematicians and physicists explored the fourth dimension and its possibilities for alternative realities, artists were able to break away from one-point perspective and the three-dimensional reality it represented to explore those issues on their two-dimensional surfaces, creating new forms of abstract art. With new discoveries in physics and the development of computer graphics, contemporary artists continue to experiment with the concept  of dimensionality. Resources and Further Reading Henri Poincarà ©: the unlikely link between Einstein and Picasso, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2012/jul/17/henri-poincare-einstein-picasso?newsfeedtrue Picasso, Einstein, and the fourth dimension, Phaidon,  http://www.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2012/july/19/picasso-einstein-and-the-fourth-dimension/ The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art, Revised Edition, The MIT Press, https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/fourth-dimension-and-non-euclidean-geometry-modern-art The Fourth Dimension in Painting: Cubism and Futurism, The peacocks tail,  https://pavlopoulos.wordpress.com/2011/03/19/painting-and-fourth-dimension-cubism-and-futurism/ The painter who entered the fourth dimension, BBC,  http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160511-the-painter-who-entered-the-fourth-dimension The Fourth Dimension, Levis Fine Art, http://www.levisfineart.com/exhibitions/the-fourth-dimension Updated by Lisa Marder 12/11/17

Review Article Divided Societies and Deliberative Democracy

Among comparative scholars there is a continuing debate about which kinds of institutions would work best for stabilizing peace in ethnical divided societies. In general, they agree on the necessity of democratic institutions. The question is whether these institutions should be built on the principle of inclusion or moderation (O‘Flynn 2007: 731). O‘Flynn is reviewing the work of Arend Lijphart and Donald Horowitz, the two main characters of this debate. While Lijphart focuses on inclusion with his consociational democracy (ibid.: 734), Horowitz‘s incentives-based approach deals with moderation (ibid.: 736). The author enters the discussion by pointing out that inclusion and moderation are co-requirements for the fundamental issue of†¦show more content†¦Similar to the reasoning of Dryzek (2005: 224) communication must be reflective in order to allow people to change their opinion. However, in post-conflict societies deep differences, ethnic cleavages, and hatred prevail. Even for Western democratic societies the assumption of broad reciprocity seems to be a normative desire rather than empirical evidence. Second, complete inclusion in terms of publicity is illusive. Nowadays, most societies are too big to allow each citizen to discuss all issues and policies, and arrive at a compromise. On the one hand, there is not enough time for everyone to participate, and, on the other hand, nothing would ever get done. Also, people must be interested in what is going on. It appears questionable to what extent it is possible to motivate the public discourse. The interest in the happening has to come from the society itself. In addition, this interest probably varies from one individual to another and from topic to topic. Therefore, taking the entire diversity of public views and opinions into account is not functional. Third, there is no electoral system that translates the voters‘ preferences exactly into electoral results. Besides the s heer feasibility problem, there is the option of manipulating the electoral system in favor of a certain ethnic group, gerrymandering, or the usage of suffrage restrictions (Dryzek 2005: 226). Thus, theShow MoreRelatedTackling The Democratic Deficit Between The European Union ( Eu )2859 Words   |  12 Pagesundebated. Democracy deficit in the EU in its ordinary meaning means that there is gap between the EU institutions and citizens in the member states of the EU. Recommendations have been put forward to bridge the gap between the EU’s institutions and the citizens in the member nations of the EU. These range from empowering the national Parliament of member states to giving citizens more direct voice in Europe. A founding principle of the European Union is Subsidiarity. This is found in Article 5(3) ofRead MoreThe Aftermath Of Shay s Rebellion2048 Words   |  9 Pagesdivisions in society by converting private property to common ownership. Influenced by Lockean ideas based on a belief in natural rights, framers believed that protecting private property was and still is a fundamental role of the government (Dunn, 1982). According to Locke, the sole purpose of government was to protect natural rights. A government must be built on the consent of the governed, and it should be a limited government (Schneider and Peardon, 1953). With the creation of the Articles remainedRead MoreThe Fall of the United States/Rome II?3132 Words   |  13 Pagesby examining the results of this system, the corruption and Fundamental ideas that lead to the rise of a â€Å"Central Power† that came to be present in both nations and many say signaled the end of the Republic Era of Rome. I hope to provide critical review in which we can use as knowledge in indicating why the U.S. is currently in a state of decay. Republic: A Government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsibleRead MoreChallenges for Urban Local Governments in India46115 Words   |  185 Pagespublication in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Asian and African Studies, by Sage Publications Ltd. Copyright  © Rumi Aijaz, 2007 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that

Nature vs. Nurture - 1117 Words

The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in sociology (Davidson, 1991, n.p.). The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors to human behavior (Davidson, 1991, n.p.). Today, the majority of experts believe that behavior and development are influenced by both nature and nurture (Macionis, 2009, p. 73). The biggest question now is which one affects human development more: nature or nurture? According to Macionis (2009, p. 72), in the past, it was always common knowledge that human â€Å"behavior was instinctive, simply our nature.† Some scientists thought that people behaved as they did according to genetic tendencies or even animal instincts (Macionis, 2009, p. 72). This is known as†¦show more content†¦Trefil (1996, n.p.) concludes by stating that the science of human behavior â€Å"will continue to be enormously influenced by the rapid advances in molecular biology.† With further research, scientist w ill eventually understand personality and behavior and how much of it is determined by human genetics. The two articles I chose to summarize are related to the concept from the chapter because they all discus the nature-nurture debate. All three of the sources give the reader an explanation of the different viewpoints of the topic of human behavior. A century ago, most people thought human behavior resulted from biological instinct, but sociologist now believe that it is determined a little more by one’s surroundings (Davidson, 1991, n.p.). All three sources question the fight over how much of whom we are is shaped by genes and how much by the environment. 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The Centro Case Duties and Responsibilities Outlined

Question: Discuss about theCentro Casefor Duties and Responsibilities Outlined. Answer: Introduction In 2011, the Federal Court of Australia ruled on Australian Securities Investments Commission (ASIC) v Healey Ors [2011] FCA 717 (the Centro Case), which has become one of the landmark cases on the duties and responsibilities of Australian company directors with regard to financial statement(Bowlt, 2011). As the facts of the case go, ASIC had instituted civil proceedings in 2009 against directors and officers of the Centro Group citing breach of the statutory duty of care, skill and diligence(McCullough Robertson Lawyers, 2011). According to ASIC, the directors were liable in breach as they had approved financial statements in 2007 which were marred by discrepancies. Additionally, the court had to address the issue of delegation of the aforementioned duty, the duty of directors to take reasonable steps in ensuring financial statements adhere to financial reporting standards as well as the role of non-executive directors in management(AICD, 2011). The issues in question were contrav entions of ss. 180(1), 601FD (1) and 344(1) of the Corporations Act 2001(Cth), hereinafter referred to as the Act 2001. The following report is commissioned to outline the specific duties and responsibilities breached by the Centro Group directors and analyse the Courts decision in view of the Act 2001. An Overview of the Directors Duties and Responsibilities Breached in the Centro Case The Duty of Care, Skill and Diligence The Act 2001, s.180, expects that directors execute their duties with a certain level of care, skill and diligence as would a prudent man under similar circumstances(Latimer, 2012, p. 698). This provision is adopted from the common law standing as illustrated by Romer J in Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd [1925] Ch 407, where the standard of care in this duty is pit against the actions of a prudent man in the same situation(Corkery, 1987, p. 133). However, today the test also takes into consideration the nature of the business in question, its size, the constitution of the board of directors and the allocation of duties amongst them (Douglas, 2015). Additionally, the Act 2001, under s 198D, gives directors powers to delegate their duties so long as this is in line with the companys constitution. These duties include the preparation of company accounts, management roles among others. The delegation, however, does not exclude directors from keeping track of company activities, they cannot simply rely on the information of experts or employees but should undertake to examine and clarify details pertaining to their duties(Douglas, 2015). In ASIC v Macdonald (No 11) [2009] NSWSC 287 (the James Hardie case), Gzell J, even where expert advice is sort or duties are delegated, directors have a nondelegable duty to the company and its stakeholders to ensure they take all reasonable steps to provide accurate information failure to which they will be in breach of s180 of the Act 2001(Wan, 2015, p. 79). In the Centro case, the directors breached the duty of care, skill and diligence by failing to identify the discrepancy in the companys financial statements; the actions of the directors, in this case, fell below the stipulated standard of care mentioned above(Paolini, 2014, p. 314). Additionally, the directors reliance on external advisors, that is the PWC auditors, did not suffice as a reason to exempt them from liability as the law expected them to take all necessary action to ensure accuracy despite delegation of duties(Basovo, 2012, p. 84). The failure to identify the inaccuracies, as well as investigate the information provided by advisors, led to a breach of duty by Centro Groups directors. Duty not to Make Misleading Statements The Act 2001, under s.295 (4), tasks directors with the duty of making a declaration on the companys financial position. In making this declaration, directors are required to ensure the information they provide is accurate and a true and fair view of the companys position; this means that they are expected to read and understand said statements and apply their knowledge while reviewing them(AICD, 2011). Additionally, ss 601FD (1) and 344 (1) place the duty on company directors to take proper measure to ensure they, as well as the company, comply with the provisions of the Act 2001. The onus is therefore on directors to stay in the loop and pay attention all while ensuring utmost competency among board members so as to avoid discrepancies(Worthington, 2016, p. 382). Failure to comply with this requirement attracts a civil penalty on offenders who are found liable. According to Owen J in The Bell Group Ltd (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation (No 9) [2008] WASC 239, the buck of responsibility and liability in the running of a company stops at the board of directors. As such, directors have the duty to fully comprehend their duties and take all necessary measure to comply with them(Schenone, 2011, p. 95). The delegation of duties does not make them dormant; they must create for themselves a working knowledge on the running of the company and apply their mind to any information received from management(Daniels v Anderson, 1995). Directors are at the apex of the corporate structure and although they do not need to be involved with the nitty gritty details of the companys day to day operations, case law is clear that they have a principle role to play in the management of the company and as such should always be aware of the fundamentals of the business(AICD, 2011). In the Centro case, the Directors relied on the external auditors findings that there were no discrepancies in the financial statements. Although these were well renown auditors, the law expects directors to take it upon themselves to ensure their declarations are not misleading and reflect a true and fair view of the institutions financial position. It is clear that the Directors, in this case, did not intend to mislead stakeholders but merely relied on misleading information, however, failure to utilise their knowledge and adequately review the records constituted a breach of duty by Centros directors. An Analysis of the Courts Decision in View of the Corporations Act 2001 In the Centro case decision of June 2011, Justice Middleton found that each of the directors knew of the current interest bearing liabilities and guarantees and in addition knew, or should have known, of the key accounting principles that would inform them of any discrepancies in the statements(AICD, 2011). As such, each director did not take reasonable steps or apply his mind accordingly; additionally, they all failed to question management and other relevant parties on the proposed statements and additionally failed to request declarations as per the provisions of s 295A of the Act 2001.All these are duties expected of them in their capacity as directors and failure to fulfil them constituted a breach of the duty of care skill and diligence owed to Centro Group and a failure to take prudent steps in ensuring financial statements comply with set guidelines(AICD, 2011). They had, therefore, contravened the provisions of ss 180(1), 601FD (3) and 344 of the Act 2001. The following disc ourse will analyse the courts decision, in depth, in view of the Act 2011. According to Justice Middleton, directors must read the financial records and formulate their own view and not simply rely on the information provided by experts and advisors before approval(McCullough Robertson Lawyers, 2011). He believes that reading and comprehending the contents of the statements personally requires that the director to question whether the proposed statements are in line with his personal knowledge of the companys financial position. In his decision, the judge expressed that directors ensure they have a basic understanding of the companys business and its fundamentals. In addition, company directors must remain informed on company activities and monitor their affairs and policies by familiarising themselves with its financial status and conducting routine reviews of its statements(McCullough Robertson Lawyers, 2011). This is in line with the provisions of ss 601FD(1) and 344(1) of the Act 2001, which task directors with ensuring they take undertake measures to a scertain compliance with set guidelines in the Act 2001. Each director should have taken it upon themselves therefore to have an interest in the information provided by the external auditors and apply their skill as directors to discern the accuracy of the information provided. The decision in the Centro Case illuminates the higher standard of care expected of directors as opposed to previous cases. The original test for the standard of care as illustrated in Re City Equitable Fire Insurance was said to be subjective. The test in Centro, guided by s 180 of the Act, encompasses both the subjective and objective test where directors duty of care is pitted against the actions of a prudent man as well as their specific skill; where a director is appointed based on a particular skill the duty of care expected of them is higher(Wan, 2015). As such, the directors were not only expected to act diligently but also to apply their knowledge of the companys business in their review of its statements as they had been appointed with the expectation to nurture this skill. Their failure to apply this knowledge led the court to find them liable for breach of duty based on the aforementioned subjective and objective tests. Additionally, the decision in Centro outlined the extent to which directors can delegate their duties as per section 198D. This issue intertwined with the aforementioned issue of reliance on professional information. In Centro, a committee of directors known as the board audit and risk management committee had been commissioned with the mandate to supervise the preparation of financial statements and reports(AICD, 2011). Justice Middleton held that, although an audit committee played a significant role it could not substitute the role of directors. This decision puts a limit on the extent to which directors can delegate their duties as well as the significance of their managerial role to the company. Justice Middleton believed directors were paramount to the company structure and should not assume their duties through delegation(Schenone, 2011). Critics note, however, that this decision has failed to provide directors with the guidance on how much enquiry they are to make on proposed financial statements(McCullough Robertson Lawyers, 2011). The directors may experience challenges in identifying how far they are to investigate issues that are not clearly identifiable on information provided by management. Additionally, there is the fear that the decision, in this case, could challenge the relationship between management and directors as the high standard of care requires directors to heighten their scrutiny of information brought before them(Norton Rose Fulbright, 2011). This poses a challenge as the decision was unclear on the extent to which it is appropriate to scrutinise information and records presented to directors(McCullough Robertson Lawyers, 2011). Conclusion As illustrated in ASIC v Healey Ors (2011), the Corporations Acts (2001) (Cth) s 180 places a duty on directors to exercise care, skill and diligence in their responsibilities. Additionally, directors are expected to take all necessary measure to ensure the companys financial statements comply with financial reporting standards as per ss 601FD (1) and 344 (1) of the Act. In the above-mentioned case, the company directors failed to identify discrepancies in their annual financial reports after relying on professional experts who found no corrections in them. Their failure to identify these discrepancies constituted a breach of the aforementioned duties as they were expected to apply their knowledge and skill to review the reports prior to approving them. The decision of the Federal Court had brought with it some challenges as it remains unclear as to how much scrutiny directors should exercise on the information availed to them by management and additionally on how liable they are wh ere they fail to identify mistakes that are obvious. With this in mind, it is clear that directors, although given the power to delegate, should remain at the apex of the corporate structure and exercise care, skill and diligence in reviewing financial statements so as to ensure they reflect a true and fair view of the companys financial status. References AICD, 2011. Centro Case Summary: ASIC v Healey Ors [2011] FCA 717. [Online] Available at: https://www.thewaltongroup.com.au/wp-content/pushups/2011/09/ASIC_v_Healey_Centro_Directors_Federal_Court_Judgment__27_June_20111.pdf [Accessed 3 February 2017]. ASIC, 2016. Directors-What are My Duties as A Director?. [Online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-what-are-my-duties-as-a-director/ [Accessed 3 February 2017]. Austin, B., 2012. Directos' Duties: Some Reflections after the James Hardie, Fortescue and Centro Cases. [Online] Available at: https://m.minterellison.com/publications/reflections-after-the-james-hardie-fortescue-cand-centro/ [Accessed 3 February 2017]. Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey Ors (2011) FCA. Basovo, V., 2012. Explaining Financial Scandals: Corporate Governance, Structured Finance and the Enlightened Sovereign Control Paradigm. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Bowlt, H., 2011. Directors' Duties - Raising the Bar?. [Online] Available at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5136/directors-duties--raising-the-bar.aspx [Accessed 3 February 2017]. Corkery, J. F., 1987. Directors' Duties of Care, Skill and Diligence. In: Directors' Powers and Duties. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, pp. 131-144. Daniels v Anderson (1995) 16 ACSR . Douglas, J., 2015. Directors' duty of care and diligence. [Online] Available at: https://legalvision.com.au/directors-duty-of-care-and-diligence/ Downie, A., 2011. The Centro Matter: ASIC v Healey [2011] FCA 717 and Breach of Director's Duties. [Online] Available at: https://www.the-civil-lawyer.net/2011/06/centro-matter-asic-v-healey-2011-fca.html [Accessed 3 February 2017]. Golding, G., 2012. Tightening the Screws on Directors: Care, Delegation and Reliance. UNSW Law Journal, 35(1), pp. 266-290. Hall Wilcox, 2015. Legal Obligations of Directors of Australian Companies. [Online] Available at: https://www.hallandwilcox.com.au/legal-obligations-of-directors-of-australian-companies/ [Accessed 3 February 2016]. Latimer, P., 2012. Australian Business Law. Sydney: CCH Australia Ltd. McCullough Robertson Lawyers, 2011. The Centro Decision - Impact on Directors' and Officers' Liability Insurance. Focus, 20 July, pp. 1-2. McCullough Robertson Lawyers, 2011. The Centro Eight- ASIC Turns up the Heat on Company Directors and Executives. Focus, 30 June, pp. 1-2. Norton Rose Fulbright, 2011. The Centro Decision - Directors as the 'Final Filter' of Corporate Financial Accounting. [Online] Available at: https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/52803/the-centro-decision-directors-as-the-final-filter-of-corporate-financial-accounting [Accessed 3 February 2017]. Paolini, A., 2014. Research Handbook on Directors Duties. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Pearse Trust, 2011. ASIC v Healey and Others - A Must Read for Directors. [Online] Available at: https://www.pearse-trust.ie/blog/bid/78452/ASIC-v-Healey-and-Others-A-Must-Read-For-Directors [Accessed 3 February 2017]. Schenone, S., 2011. Duties and Responsibilities of Directors and Company Secretaries in New Zealand. 4th ed. s.l.: CCH. Walmsey, S. Puri, R., 2011. The Centro Decision - ASIC v Healey Ors [2011] FCA 717. [Online] Available at: https://www.jws.com.au/en/legal-updates-archive/item/198-the-centro-decision-asic-v-healey-ors-2011-fca-717 [Accessed 3 February 2017]. Wan, W. Y., 2015. Directors' Defence of Reliance on Professional Advisers under Anglo-Australian Law. Common Law World Review, 44(1), pp. 71-93. Worthington, S., 2016. Sealy and Worthington's Text, Cases and Materials in Company Law. 11th ed. Oxford: OUP.

Moose on the real Essay Example For Students

Moose on the real Essay By the mooses body proportions, antlers shape and size, and its demeanor, the moose is the mighty symbol of the boreal and subartic zones of the entire northern hemisphere. To describe moose country, it is variously dense mixed forest, called taiga or norhtern brush, but the other parts are open forest tundraThe climate differs from zone to zone, and woodland moose prefer only the zones where the average summer tempeture does not much exeed sixty degrees. Wind chill help the moose to stay cool in the costal and the relatively humid zones, as well as in the much drier interior. But the moose has had to adapt both to humid and dry climates, and to dense and open habiats. In North America we refer to this animal as the moose; however, through out continental Erurope, it has been known to them as the elk. The scientific name for it is, Acles acles, also translates in to British English as elk. For North Americans this has been a source of confusion, as the name elk is also given to another member of the deer family. But common names living things differ from region to region, from country to country. The moose towering above with its massive head it surveys the surrounding land.The moose raises its snout with its huge nostrils, to check for any unfamiliar scents of unseen danger. The moose standing at over six feet tall at the shouldersand weighing over one thousand pounds, this animal comands respect. Its neck streches for reach of tender shrubs nearby. Although moose lack teeth in the front of the upper jaw, they have little trouble dealing with woody plnat material that constitues much of their diet. They feed on fresh leaves by browsing and may even pull a shoot sideways in there mouth, freaquently stripping off up to two feet in vegitation with aid of the tonuge. They also browse the tips of twigs, particularly the most recent growth. Regardless of how it is attained, the plant material is thoroughly crushed between twleve sets of broad, flattened teeth at the rear of its mouth, six pairs of molars and six pairs of pemolars Although many different plants are eaten by moose, the type consumed depends on availability, both geographically and seasonally. In general, preferred trees and shrubs include willows, trmbling aspen, redosier dogwood, red maple, stripped maple, white birch, beaked hazelnut, pin cherry and, primarily in winter, balsam fir. Aquatic plants, particulary water sheild, yellow pond lily, and poundweed, constitue a prefered and important part of the mooses diet in the summer. Bibliography:

Young Hunting Essay Example For Students

Young Hunting Essay I finally shot my first bird! I said after I got the bird in my hands. I was very excited. I hunted almost all my life and finally shot something. I hunted and still hunt because I enjoy going out in nature, to relax, and learn new skills like finding the trace of an animal. Going out hunting is exciting because it is one of my favorite hobbies. When I was five years old I began hunting with my grandfather, but it wasnt me that shot with the gun yet. Throughout all the years I have been hunting with him I have learned that nature should be respected. He once said to me in French Respecter la nature cest le plus important que la chasse. We will write a custom essay on Young Hunting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It means that respecting nature is more important than hunting. If nobody respects nature and trashes it then there wouldnt be a nice place to hunt because of not having enough trees or there wouldnt be many animals. An example could be when scientists let loose a disease that almost killed all of the rabbits in the place where I hunt, but now it stopped, luckily. People can respect nature by giving food, water, and shelter to the animals because in the winter they would need those things. Another thing my grandfather thought me was to find the traces of animals like rabbits, deer, and boars. He taught me how to find those traces because a hunting dog cannot find all the passages that an animal went through so you need to show him where to go to be on the right trace. My grandfather also thought me not to get fines because they are could get really expensive. They could go as high a 10 thousand French Francs and the hunting license will be taken away automatically. I began using a riffle at the age of thirteen on October 28, which was five days before my 14th birthday. I dont have my hunting license yet but Im going to try to get it when Im 15. My grandfather has a riffle for me to use in the winter vacations. When he let me use the riffle for the first time he gave me a small bullet and I missed a bird, but I didnt move my arm at all. Then he gave me a bullet that was double the size Tunet Magnum #6, I shot with it, and my whole arm flew back because I didnt expect such a huge amount of pressure. The other times I shot with those bullets I only got little shocks on my arm, but not much. I imagined if I would shoot with his double-barrel shotgun. I believe that I would fly all the way back as my grandfather did once and hes a 100 times stronger than I am. I hunt because I want to be in nature, help the environment, and shoot something off course. Shooting something is fun but you have to respect the environment by not killing too much and also not to kill protected animals like I once did. It was my first bird I ever shot, but now I only shoot the ones that are permitted to be shot. When you shoot, have the gun in the right position so you dont fly backwards. One thing to remember is to respect the law of hunting because the fines are very high. Get your hunting license if youre 15 or older because youre going to see that hunting is a fantastic hobby for everybody.

How to Choose the Essay Prompt

How to Choose the Essay PromptWhen writing your essay prompt, you should pick a theme that best represents the topic you are trying to convey in your paper. This will help you avoid 'cracking the code' and writing the same old essay. It will also help make your essay more interesting.After you have the theme in mind, you can now begin to write your essay. Your theme is the basis for all of your ideas. It will help give your essay its direction and, by extension, will also help you craft an interesting piece of writing.The first step in writing your essay prompt is to select the topic. Once you have chosen a topic, you can begin to write your essay. There are three ways to choose a topic. The most traditional is to ask yourself what topic you would like to write about.Perhaps your favorite book or movie was about the topic you chose. Perhaps the topic you have chosen is one of interest to you. Or, perhaps you were asked to choose something that has not been covered by other people on the topic. Whatever the case, you need to have some sort of idea in mind before you start writing.By the same token, the question of 'what topic am I writing about?' will help you create a topic if it is not already taken. You could find a novel or movie that is similar to your topic.There are hundreds of sample essays on the Internet from which you can select. You can go through each essay prompt and choose one to go with. Once you have chosen a topic and one essay prompt to use, then you can begin to take the first steps toward creating your essay.The essay prompt you will use is usually provided in the body of the assignment or the thesis statement. This is usually a list of questions that are related to the topic of the assignment. A common question is, 'What makes your topic worth exploring further?' In addition, there may be other more specific questions that are asked during the course of the assignment.The essay prompt you choose should be very brief and concise. It is not n ecessary to use every single word in the article; this is especially true of the essay prompt that you are writing. However, it is important to use some variation of the phrase 'listen to this.'

How Plants Grow essays

How Plants Grow essays Photosynthesis is the process plants use to make their own food. In order for a plant to grow, it needs several things. It required Water, sunlight and nutrients. The nutrients plants need for a good Health are typically divided into three groups; macronutrients, secondary nutrients, and micronutrients. The chief plant nutrients are, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The three major nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, And potassium. These are the elements that must most often be added to garden soil if plants are to grow healthy. Nitrogen is required in large quantities for the synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll, and enzymes. The more rapidly and actively a plant is growing, the more nitrogen it needs. Good soil is also very important. It has many vitamins and minerals that make a plant grow faster. Soil is good for plants. It makes the leaves greener and the plant better. It contains sand, small rocks, air, water and earthworms. Fertilizer is also a good source for plants. It makes a plant grow faster, be greener and be a lot healthier. Its very similar to soil but not exactly the same. The difference is the thing its made of and that soil has more things added. Regardless of what type of fertilizer you buy, it will come with information about the nutrients it contains. Prominently featured will be the N-P-K ratio, the percentage the product contains by volume of nitrogen (chemical symbol N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). A 16-16-16 fertilizer, for example, contains 16% nitrogen, 16% phosphorus, Water is very important to a plant. It has minerals and it makes the plant grow. Water helps keep the plant healthy and ...

Effectiveness of the Leadership Styles at Wal-Mart Coursework

Effectiveness of the Leadership Styles at Wal-Mart - Coursework Example Paternalistic and Democratic are flexible style of leadership and they are being used by Wal-Mart since many years. Wal-Mart takes care of its employees by practicing the paternalistic style of leadership. Wal-Mart tries to supply concern for their employees and in return they gain trust and loyalty of the staff. Through democratic leadership Wal-Mart gives the decision making power to the employees, which promotes the interest of the employees towards the betterment of the organization. However Wal-Mart does not seem keen to practice laissez-faire leadership style, as it wants to restricts the decision making power of the employees. The transactional leadership style is however used by Wal-Mart at times when the find the emotional level of the employees low (5 Different Leadership Styles That All Work!, 2011). The most common and effective leadership style that is being used by Unilever is the transactional style of leadership, which is based on providing materialistic and psychological rewards to the employees on their good performance and also to keep them motivated. This style of leadership is being used through the entire organization. The leaders analyze the cause of the poor performance of the employees and then take corrective actions. The end result of this leadership style have been effective for Unilever, as it helps them reach goal setting, maturity, increase productivity and efficiency of operations. Other leadership styles such as transformational and laissez-faire have not been quite successful at Unilever. However paternalistic and democratic leadership styles have been effective for gaining the trust of the employees and keeping them devoted towards the organization.

Organizational Behavior Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Organizational Behavior - Annotated Bibliography Example Go-To-People are analytical, aggressive, intuitive, humble, patient, confident, deliberate and decisive. In addition they know how well the organization work, know how to use power when it is needed and think outside the box. 3. Go-To-People can be found anywhere in any department of the company and might be very learned or new graduates as well as someone with just formal education. The organization can find them through interviews by asking tricky questions and see how the employees respond. The organization can also find them by looking for talents within the organization. Or creating challenging projects which will help bring out the characteristics of Go-To-People person. 4. Go-To-People should be nurtured by keeping them challenged, recognizing their efforts and rewarding them thus building their career. Usually they work hard but their efforts go unnoticed and this demoralizes them, hence it is necessary for the organization to recognize the value they bring and reward them appropriately. 1. This article describes the ABC model that can be used by managers to obtain desired behavior and performance from employees by providing a positive feedback. The ideas in this article are the A which is ‘action’, B which is ‘because’, C which is ‘could we?’ and finally the conclusion which determines the outcome of the feedback. 2. â€Å"A† focuses on a specific issue and how the feedback conversation should be carried out. This requires data collection first to determine the issue of concern and the managers should be able to raise the topic without provocation or judgment of the employee being addressed. The use of data and facts is important in this step to ensure that both parties have the same information. A proper â€Å"A† statement will lead to a positive feedback. 3. â€Å"B† looks at why the issue in step A is brought up and the need to address it as well as its impact. This involves accountability and the

Outline the objectives of economic management and analyse the role of fiscal policy Essay Example for Free

Outline the objectives of economic management and analyse the role of fiscal policy Essay The Australian Government targets economic objectives that may provide equality and higher living standards throughout the country. For these benefits to reach Australian households, the Australia government has to overcome objectives such as economic growth, distribution of income, and external stability. To do so, the government uses the fiscal policy in order to influence the amount of government expenditure and revenue which can alter economic activity. The government’s fiscal strategy aims to ensure fiscal sustainability over the medium term; therefore the government is responsible for meeting its current and future spending commitments with revenue raised. Australia has had a low historical use of fiscal policy during the 1990s, however since the Global Financial Crisis; fiscal policy has been a powerful tool in maintaining Australia’s economy. Fiscal policy has a large influence over economic activity, through using the expansionary fiscal stance which involves a net increase in government spending, or a fall in taxation revenue. However, this was not the case during the period 1996-2007 as fiscal policy had a smaller role to play in the economy. As the Howard Government came into office, the stance of fiscal policy was largely contractionary. A contractionary stance occurs when government spending is reduced. An example of this stance is when the Howard Government was committed to achieving a balanced budget over the course of the economic cycle, as fiscal policy was tightened in 1996-97, 1998-99, resulting in a surplus of $1171 million. This meant that fiscal policy was generally not a major role in influencing the business cycle, instead monetary policy had the central role in maintaining economic activity. Although fiscal policy was not greatly used from the mid-1990s to 2007, it has had a large impact on recessions. As the Global Financial Crisis hit Australia, the fiscal policy was introduced in order to increase the level of economic activity, instead of letting Australia plunge into a recession. The impact of the GFC dramatically changed the budget balance, through a decline in government taxation revenue and an increase in discretionary government spending. This led to the movement from a cash surplus of $19. 7 billion in 2007-08 to a cash deficit of -$27 billion in 2009-10. Economic growth decreased to 1. 4% of GDP, which gave the government the incentive to introduce the fiscal stimulus, while the Rudd Government used an expansionary fiscal stance to support aggregate demand. The stimulus package involved a $77 billion package, with a $42 billion Nation building plan and Jobs Plan in the 2009 budget to support infrastructure and investment and the Economic Security Strategy package of $10 billion in spending on cash transfers to low and middle income households. The result of expansionary fiscal policy helped Australia avoid a recession, as these stimulus measures were estimated to boost Australia’s economic growth by 2. 75% of GDP in 2009-10. In addition, fiscal policy can influence the objective of inequality in income distribution. The government is committed into try to use a progressive taxation system which will provide a fairer distribution of income. The progressive taxation system is when higher income earners pay a larger proportion of tax compared to low income earner, leading to a redistribution of income to low income earners. An example of the progressive tax system can be seen in the ‘personal income tax thresholds’, where the highest income bracket of $180,001 and over has an effective tax rate of 30. 3-44. 9%. However, the structure of the progressive system of personal income tax changed when the Gillard Government announced it would increase the tax-free threshold to $18,200 on 1st July 2012 as part of the Clean Energy Future Package from the carbon tax and will rise again to $19,400 the following year. This threshold bracket changed from the previous 2009 and 2010 Personal Income tax threshold as all taxpayers where given a tax free threshold of $6000. Between 1996 and 2008, the Federal Government used fiscal policy in order to maintain external stability. External stability is an aim of government policy that seeks to promote sustainability on external accounts so that Australia can service its foreign liabilities in the medium to long run. External stability can be managed by the government achieving fiscal consolidation, which is running a budget surplus over the course of the business cycle. One of the main ways to run a budget surplus is to eliminate public debt, which in turn can help reduce the part of net foreign debt owned by the Australian Government. For instance, when the Howard Government was in power, there was a series of consecutive surplus budgets to retire a significant amount of public debt. From 1996-2007 the stance of fiscal policy was largely contractionary, since the Howard Government was committed to achieving a balanced budget over the course of the business cycle. It was tightened throughout the years of 1996-1999, and thereby, eliminated Commonwealth general government debt from the peak of $96 million (17. 6% of GDP) in 1996-97 to -0. 5% of GDP by 2005-06. This in turn increased Australia’s national savings and resulted in low net foreign debts. Subsequently, the fiscal policy has an effective role in achieving the economic objectives of economic growth during downturn economic activity, equal distribution of income and maintaining external stability. Australia was successful in using fiscal policy to avoid recession in 2009, when it implemented one of the largest fiscal stimulus packages in its history, as well as changes to the personal income threshold that gave a more equal distribution of income to lower income earners. By aiming to achieve fiscal surplus the Australian economy can achieve its economy objectives rapidly.

Ethnic Mexicans in the 20th Century Essays -- Social Movements, United

Given the social struggle of ethnic Mexicans in the United States, the 20th century turned to be pivotal in the social movements that would not only create opportunities but mobilize the ethnic Mexicans to push forward and make sure their voices where heard all throughout the century. They have used these means to incorporate into everyday life in the United States. Despite this they have struggled to achieve what in politics of the United States considers to be a ‘full citizenship’. Even though the US has dehumanized, criminalized, and subjugated ethnic-Mexicans, Social and Cultural Citizenships have changed the way of understanding politics of ethnic-Mexicans social movements because ethnic-Mexicans have countered all levels of government to achieve a form of belonging in the United States and have heavily contributed to the United States despite being discriminated. Social Citizenship is defined by â€Å"T.H. Marshall conceptualized as evolving from a combination of civil, political, and social elements in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries† (Del Castillo, 95). The three keys to social citizen as defined above are civil, political and social. All these keys as fundamentals for immigrants to live in the United States while having freedoms such as, speech, religion and fundamental civil right liberties. The other two comprise of political and social, the political is the right the full right for immigrants to participate or exercise political power and finally the third is the social component that ensures that immigrants are given rights entitled to American citizens. Social citizenship is crucial in understanding because it gives the ethnic-migrants a sense of belonging in the community. These ethnic-Mexicans ar... ...becoming U.S. Citizens, something that they have been doing with other Works Cited Chavez, Alex â€Å"Labor Revolution and the Great Migration† Mexican-American History. University of Illinois at Chicago. 3. Oct. 2013. Lecture. Chavez, Alex â€Å"The Chicano/a Generation† Mexican-American History. University of Illinois at Chicago. 29. Oct. 2013. Lecture. Chavez, Alex â€Å"Constructing Illegality† Mexican-American History. University of Illinois at Chicago. 12. Nov. 2013. Lecture. Del Castillo, Adelaida R. 2007. â€Å"Illegal Status and Social Citizenship: Thoughts on Mexican Immigrants in a Postnational World† In Women and Migration in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands: A Reader. Garcà ­a, Igancio M. 1997. â€Å"Strategies for Aztlà ¡n: Creating a Cultural Polity.† Rosaldo, Renato. 1994. â€Å"Cultural Citizenship and Educational Democracy.† Cultural Anthropology 9(3):402-411.