Haleeb Relaunch Report Essay Example for Free

Haleeb Relaunch Report Essay Current Size, Growth and Profitability: Recently, Haleeb Foods has reached a turnover of Rs. 9. 2 Billion in the year 2009. It was a loss, though, as Haleeb Foods has been experiencing a slump since 2-3 years due to internal management and quality issues. Competition may pose a threat because the company will have to maintain its leadership in an expanding market so that it doesn’t lose its market share to its competitors. For Haleeb it might be difficult to maintain its market hare in a market where the loyalties exist for such brands as Nestle and Olper’s. These brands have been in the milk industry and have left a mark in the minds of consumers in terms of quality. Competition seems to be getting tougher as a result of new players entering the dairy market. Haleeb’s primary competitors are Nestle milk pack and Olper’s milk. The Secondary competitors are Nirala, Halla, Good milk and Gourmet milk. Primary Competitors: Prema: Prema milk fresh, pure and nourishing, straight from our own state-of-the-art dairy farms. With the combination of natural vitamins, minerals, and a great creamy taste, Prema milk provides truly natural milk, with all the essential nutrients needed for healthy bodies and bones, including rotein, calcium, riboflavin and vitamin A. As an all purpose milk, Prema milk is perfect for the whole family for drinking, cooking, as well as a tasty tea whitener. Prema has a market share of 20%. Olper’s: Launched on March 20, 2006, Olper’s milk is EFL’s standardized and homogenized pure UHT (Ultra heat treated) milk with 3. 5 % fat and 8. 9 % solid non-fats. It is EFL’s premier brand, and the choice of quality-conscious consumers who only go for the best. It is available in easy-to-open, 6-layered Tetra Pak Brick Aseptic red packaging and comes with a 3 months shelf life. Olper’s has a market share of 20%. Nestle Milk Pack: Pure, rich and delicious NESTLE MILKPAK standardized UHT milk benefits from Nestle’s expertise in bringing you the very best life has to offer and benefits from 140 years of consumer trust. It comes in four convenient packages and provides a nutritious value to its consumers by educating them about the advantages of milk. They provide valuable information on the packaging and advertise how Nestle milk provides all the essential nutrients. In another words they keep in track of the changing trends and the change in consumer preferences. The market share for Nestle milk pack is 30%. Secondary Competitors: Nurpur, Nirala, Good milk and Gourmet milk altogether comprise of about 10. 5% of the total market share. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: * Ultra-Modern technology: Haleeb Foods is using a high-tech modern UHT plant known as â€Å"Tubular Heat Exchange System† in which there are closed pipes of hot and cold water which treat the milk at the time. In this process, the milk is first revolved around the hot pipe which raises the temperature to about 140*C to kill bacteria and other germs and then around the cold pipe which lowers the temperature to around 2-3*C. This process gives the milk its natural thickness and taste. Whereas its competitors use â€Å"Heat Injection System† in which steam is injected into the milk to kill the bacteria and then cooled down The Brand â€Å"Haleeb†: Haleeb is one of the oldest UHT Milk providers of Pakistan and has developed its name through out the country. Every person, whether it be a child or an adult or an elderly, knows about this name and would prefer buying Haleeb Milk rather than any other new ones. It is using the ‘corporate brand strategy’ i. e. making use of the corporate image to affect customer purchase decisions. Examples are Haleeb yoghurt, Haleeb butter, Haleeb milk. Here what is important is not only the reputation of the company but also the concept of customer loyalty to the brand. * Owning the color â€Å"Blue†: Haleeb from the very beginning has identified and associated itself with the color Blue. Every time a person enters a grocery shop and sees a blue pack on the milk shelf, he/she instantly recalls the brand as Haleeb which gives it a competitive edge over its competitors such as Olper’s or Ollwell or Nestle. * High Quality Milk: Haleeb has always provided the best quality milk as it claims â€Å"SAB SE GHARA DOODH (THICKEST MILK)†. Whenever this statement is either displayed or heard somewhere, it instantly associates itself with Haleeb. * Rigorous Quality controls: Haleeb undertakes 21 rigorous quality control tests on every portion of the milk to ensure it is the best out there. Efficient Research and Development department: Haleeb often conducts researches to find out the requirements of the consumers before and even after the launch of a certain product which helps them in making changes to their products according to the consumers’ preferences. * Diversified Brand Portfolio: Haleeb, over the time period, has diversified itself into many products other than milk such as juices, ghee, butter, cheese, low fat milk, etc which gives it a competitive edge and helps it to grow even further and increases its profitability. Weaknesses: * Marketing (Advertisements): Haleeb seldom advertises its products which is a big weakness as its competitors spend a huge amount on TVC’s, Radio spots, etc. The only commercial Haleeb use, is for its milk which is quite old fashioned and doesn’t match up with the requirements of the consumers now days. Considering the competitors like Olper’s and Nestle Milk pack, their TVC,s are seen over and over again during prime times along with bill boards in every heavy traffic street. Awareness of these brands is much more as compared to Haleeb. Packaging: Haleeb, since its beginning, has been using the same packaging which has resulted as a bad sign for the company. Haleeb needs to revamp its packaging keeping consumer wants and perceptions in mind. Over the years customers are accustomed to changes as this is the era of fast transformation and anyone who does not keep up with the times will loose. Therefore Haleeb should step out of its comfort zone and co me up with a new packaging for milk with sharper colors, fancier logos and convenient packs for easy accessible usage. Haleeb is dependent upon Tetra Pak for the packaging of its entire dairy products. Tetra Pak is the only option available to Haleeb for packaging because it is having monopoly in the packaging sector in Pakistan. Due to this reason, Tetra Pak can charge them higher and it could increase the production costs. There is a bargaining power of suppliers. * Demand-Supply Imbalance: The demand for milk is not being completely fulfilled by Haleeb as it is a processor of milk rather than a producer. OPPORTUNITIES: * Increased funding by Government: Government has decided to increase farmers’ funding. This is an opportunity for Haleeb because previously due to weather conditions and other reasons there was lots of wastage of milk but now that can be reduced as farmers will be better able to store milk for longer time periods. * Awareness: Growing dissatisfaction with loose milk and increasing awareness about health and hygiene issues have led to increased processed milk consumption. People are becoming more health conscious as education is increasing in villages. The population is becoming aware of the diseases associated with loose milk coming from unreliable sources. The increase in knowledge has also created awareness for nutritional value in any content of food or drink. Nestle unlike Haleeb has used this opportunity to provide consumers with an additional proved reason to buy packaged milk. Haleeb should pursue this opportunity. * Third largest producer of milk: Pakistan is the Third largest producer of milk in the world with a total production of 32 billion liter of milk a year, whose value is more than that of the combined value of wheat and cotton, from a total herd size of 50 million milch animals (buffaloes and cows). Livestock accounts for 46. 8 percent of agricultural value added and about 10. 8 percent of the GDP. Milk is the largest commodity from the livestock sector accounting for 51 percent of the total value of the sector. Due to the steps taken by the government and private sector, country’s annual milk production is expected to grow at an additional 3 billion liters in the next few years. This is quite an opportunity for ENGRO foods as there is lot of growth in this part of the sector. Threats: * Competition: Competition may pose a threat because the company will have to maintain its leadership in an expanding market so that it doesn’t lose its market share to its competitors. Competition seems to be getting tougher as a result of new players entering the dairy market such as Olper’s, Ollwell, Gourmet, etc. Competition is a very important threat because in order for you to excel, you have to be well aware of the next move that your opponent will take. The idea is to prevent losing your potential customers as well as those who were loyal to you. Haleeb milk cannot afford to give their loyal customers a reason to prefer another brand.

Transferable Personal Skills Development

Transferable Personal Skills Development Introduction: A better definition of transferable skills would include a wide range of different skills that are not only useful for a wide range of jobs, but will also equip students for a productive career as a research scientist. Critically evaluating data; being able to write clearly and effectively in a range of styles; communicating via formal presentations or the media; networking and managing your time effectively are skills that are useful in many different jobs. Building a core competency in these areas will also certainly make you a better scientist. It is also important to recognise that your role as a researcher will change dramatically as you progress from student, to research assistant and beyond. In this respect learning about the process of getting published; how to write grants that will get funded and how to manage finances and lead teams of scientist are all indispensable in smoothing the transition to become a Principal Investigator or PI. Although these might not seem to be the most transferable of skills, the everyday activities of a PI are so radically different from a student who works at the lab bench that it is effectively a completely different job. Communication Application of Number Information Technology Working with Others Improving Own Learning and Performance Problem Solving Time-management Research Public speaking Literature view: The Government is content for the Authority to mount a small scale pilot of different means of independently assessing these Key Skills. However, I remain sceptical about the feasibility of such independent assessment, and would see such work as having a lower order of priority than either the work on the first three Key Skills or on developing the wider Skills through Progress File. The transferable skills that employers identify tend to be those that support organisational performance. They may be identified as follows: Interpersonal skills Communication skills Self-management skills Intellectual skills It is easy to identify occupationally relevant skills acquired through training and education but much more difficult to pinpoint transferable skills. We are social animals and need the input from and interaction with others to function effectively as individuals. One of the most significant ways in which communication can influence individual behaviour is through its ability to change individual perceptions and perceptual bias. Transferable skills are important skills which individuals should possess, not only for the purpose of academic programmes of study, but also for that of operating effectively within ones job role in the workplace. Transferable skills can be seen to be that which are somewhat fundamental skills which benefit individuals with the task at hand. A good example of this is the ability to work well in a team- this is something which is important both when studying and having a job. Case study: PDP is a process of reflecting and recording my experiences to help me to make the most of my time at Guildhall. It provides a range of specific, targeted techniques that I can use to: gain new perspectives on my studies, career and life in general monitor and record my talents and achievements identify goals and plan my term-time study workload and/or my future career help me present my skills and accomplishments to prospective employers. The outcomes of PDP should be: greater understanding of how much progress Ive made in all areas of my course better understanding of my strengths and weaknesses by both me and my Tutor clearer understanding of what I need to do next agreement on setting goals and targets an action plan that summarizes all this. My academic studies, whilst being the primary part of my experience at Guildhall, are not the whole package. Some of the most significant changes Ill encounter will be in the area of personal development. My horizons geographical, cultural and intellectual will be broadened by the experience of studying in Guildhalls international environment, and by the extra-curricular activities and opportunities you choose to pursue. If this is my first time away from home, living and studying in Guildhall will encourage me to be more independent, self-confident, and resourceful, better at managing my time and your money, and better at working with others. In a word, more mature. If I are a mature student, I am already likely to have some experience of skills mapping, reflective practice, learning styles, career planning, CV and interview technique. The decision to return to education may have been step one of my career plan. It is still of benefit to reassess your goals from time to time. Very simply, acquiring basic competency across a range of transferable skills will make me better equipped for any career you chose to follow. Unless you are naturally gifted at everything you do, everyone can benefit from some well structured and focussed training courses. Its also clear that gaining a range of transferable skills is important in finding your next job. Several surveys of employers have found that although PhD graduates were technically proficient, highly motivated, and resourceful, they needed additional training on soft skills such as working in a team, communication, and career planning. Learning Outcome: If I say something about myself two years before I have come to London for studying with the different people in a different environment. At the begging time I had less able to communicate with the other countries people and another thing is that education system is different. Day by day I am trying to develop my communication skill. Besides, I am working a part time job in the Burger king which is most popular fast food shop in the Europe. I started there as a sales assistant. I have to communicate with the various kinds of customers. I have to manage so many situations. After few months later I become a Supervisor. I have to manage all my staff, ordering the delivery, receiving the delivery, managing the worst situation. So I can say communication skill and time managing those are the two most affect full transferable skill I have achieved to get the success. Always I try to attend in my class in time and my work place. That is why I can get the entire lesson in the class and I got the reputation in my work place because of time maintaining. I never be defocus depending on time management. Another thing is that for my well communication skill I can discuss about my study with teachers and my class mates as well as I can manage my all the staffs and the customers in the shop. Conclusion: In addition to these good reasons for spending some time acquiring transferable skills, I will also find that they are an important topic at the Institute. Indeed, I will hear your supervisor and the Education Support team mention transferable skills regularly. This is because there is now a requirement for students to spend ten days per year on transferable skills training and without doing this we cant complete our PhD.

Dna Extraction From A Kiwi Experiment Biology Essay

Dna Extraction From A Kiwi Experiment Biology Essay Label all samples before putting them into wells. Fill a micropipette with sample A (it must be filled from end to end). Insert a micropipette into the glass holder. Immerse the end of pipette below the surface of the TBE and gently dispense its contents into the well (first well from the left). Cell Transformation Cell transformation is the genetic difference of a cell caused from the uptake of DNA. It is most common in bacteria (bacterial transformation) and occurs naturally in some species. It can also be affected by artificial means (for example: different temperature, different chemicals such as CaCl2 i.e. Calcium chloride transformation). Cell transformation is also used to insert a new genetic material into non-bacterial cells including animal and plant cells. Vector is a DNA molecule which is used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. There are various types of vectors such as plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids (have large amount to store DNA as compare to plasmids) and artificial chromosomes. The choice of vector is important because it affects so many of the processes such as cloning which includes expression, protein processing. Types of vectors and how they work varies. For example, plasmid vectors are used to multiply or express particular genes. They act as a vehicle to transfer genetic material into host cells. Viral vectors are designed for permanent incorporation of the inserting material into the human genome. These vectors leave genetic markers in the hose genome after incorporating the gene. Comparing viral and plasmid vectors, viral vectors cannot be used to multiply genes. That is because; host in a plasmid vector is immuned to have a reaction to virus. Viral vectors can be used for gene therapy; providing a way to cure genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. Because these diseases result from mutations in the DNA sequence for specific genes, gene therapy trials have used viruses to deliver unmutated copies of these genes to the cells of the patientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s body à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ this has been very successful. However, several problems of viral gene therapy must be overcome before it gains widespread use. Immune response to viruses not only inhibits the delivery of genes to target cells but can cause health risks for the patient. Plasmid vectors can also be used for gene therapy because some methods of gene therapy depends on the efficient insertion of genes at the appropriate chromosomal target sites within the human genome, without causing cell injury or mutations (cancer). Bacterial cell transformation is a process by which the genetic content of bacterial cell is changed. In this process, DNA is introduced into bacterial cells. Bacteria which have ability to take up foreign DNA are known as competent cells and they are made competent through use of calcium chloride. That is because; the membrane of bacterial cell is permeable to chloride ions. When chloride ions enter the bacterial cell, water molecules get attached with charged particles. This causes the cells to swell. The CaCl2 treatment (to make cells competent) is followed by heat or heat shock (at 42oC); a new set of genes (also known as heat shock genes) is expressed. This set of genes help the bacteria in surviving at such or low temperatures. Heat shock is necessary for the uptake of DNA because at temperatures above 42oC, bacteria start to lose ability to uptake DNA. Bacteria cell transformation How is the recombinant plasmid created? And how was it put into the bacteria? Explain the diagram you include (Remember: How + Why (for M2) Polymerase Chain Reaction Introduction: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used for the amplification of a small quantity of DNA over one million fold. This technique was first used to diagnose sickle cell anaemia and is now used for cloning and paternity testing. To perform DNA amplification, PCR machines are used. PCR machine helps to prepare DNA and in a short time, it increases the amount of DNA to billions. Experiment: PCR reaction has been done using a thermal cycler (the vast majority of PCR methods use cycling). PCR reaction involves different stages such as control reaction (initial stage), cycling and so on. Apparatus: 3 Tubes (0.5 ml) Tube (for PCR reaction) Ice DNA template for amplification Primer Mix 10x gel loading solution Enzyme grade ultrapure water Agarose gel InstStain Methylene Blue Distilled/Deionized water (optional) Buffer (optional) Electrode terminals Content Reason of Usage Primer Mix Primers are (short strands of mRNA binded by complementary base pairs) are bonded to each DNA strand. Primer mix is a powerful tool which helps to copy every DNA sequences. It contains primers which decrease the chances to target the wrong sites on DNA. They are required to start the process of making DNA. DNA template DNA template means pattern of DNA (to be amplified). When DNA is taken apart between the nitrogen bases, then each side acts as a pattern for the parts (such as complementary strands) that are missing. DNA template is used for amplification of DNA. Nucleotides These are the genetic building blocks which make DNA molecules. These are used to create billion copies of DNA. Method Reason Initialising: DNA sample is heated at 940C -960C for 1-9 minutes. To break the hydrogen bonds in the couple-stranded DNA, creating single-stranded molecules that are susceptible to copying. This is called denaturing. The longer the strand to be copied, the longer the denaturing process lasts. Annealing At this stage, the temperature is lowered to 40oC-65oC for about 20-45 seconds. This allows annealing of the primers to the single-stranded DNA template. The primers are short DNA strands, designed to bond to sites at the beginning and end of the segment to be copied. If the primers are incorrectly designed or the temperature at this stage is wrong, the primer will bind randomly to the DNA, resulting in the wrong segment copy. Elongation At this stage, 72oC-80oC temperature (optimum temperature) is used because of DNA polymerase i.e. Taq Polymerase (it is an enzyme which is used to make a new copy of DNA). This activates DNA polymerase. When DNA polymerase finds a primer (attached to a single DNA strand), it adds nucleotides on to the strand. It continues to do this until it reaches to the end of the strand and falls off. There is a possibility of DNA contamination in preparing a PCR sample. For example, using a same pipette to add different components or using the same tip for different components. But precautions can be taken to reduce the risk of DNA contamination such as using new pipette and tip for each different component. Wearing gloves and safety goggles can help prevent DNA contamination. Washing used equipment or discarding equipment such as used tips.

String Theory Essays -- physics

Special Relativity The speed of light is the speed limit for the universe. Light travels at the same speed regardless of relative position. When applied to Newtonian physics, it provided new relativistic formulas for motion. 4 Quantum Theory Hot objects emit electromagnetic radiation. If the energy carried off by radiation is added together, the total energy produced is calculated to be infinite. Max Planck deduced that if energy was emitted in discrete packets, quanta, it would be a finite quanity of energy. Radiation of frequency v comes in quanta of energy E = hv where h is Planck's constant . Photons are the quanta of light. This began the idea of wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. 4 Quantum Mechanics Explanation of atomic particles including bosons and fermions . Describes the laws of motion for atomic particles and describes the spin of electrons that had previously been predicted. 5 General Relativity Einstein saw that special relativity was in contradiction with Newtonian gravity because the classical interpretation required the instantaneous transmission of force between two objects. General relativity accounts for a discrepancy in Mercury's orbit, predicted that light would be bent by a gravitational field (proved by Eddington during a solar eclipse), predicted the existence of black holes and gravitational radiation, and describes an expanding universe. "Gravity is a manifestation of the curvature of space-time." The equation for space-time geometry becomes GÂ µv = 8piGTÂ µv where G is Newton's contant and TÂ µv is the distribution of energy and momentum. 4 Quantum Field Theory Quantum Field Theory is the unification of quantum mechanics and special relativity. This union required the crea... ...ic Yang-Mills theory" 6. Works Cited 1 Greene, Brian. Superstring Theory. University of Cornell. Web site. http://www.lassp.cornell.edu/GraduateAdmissions/greene/greene.html 2 Herdeiro, Carlos. M-Theory: The Theory Formerly Known as Strings. University of Cambridge, 1996. Web site. http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/qg_ss.html 3 Pierre, John. Superstrings! String Theory Home Page. 1999-2001. Web site. http://www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/ 4 Schwarz, John. The Second Superstring Revolution. Caltech Particle Theory Group. Web site. http://theory.caltech.edu/people/jhs/strings/ 5 Schwarz, Patricia. The Official String Theory Web Site. Web site. http://superstringtheory.com/ 6 String Theory in a Nutshell. University of London String Theory Group. Web site. http://www.strings.ph.qmul.ac.uk/ String Theory Essays -- physics Special Relativity The speed of light is the speed limit for the universe. Light travels at the same speed regardless of relative position. When applied to Newtonian physics, it provided new relativistic formulas for motion. 4 Quantum Theory Hot objects emit electromagnetic radiation. If the energy carried off by radiation is added together, the total energy produced is calculated to be infinite. Max Planck deduced that if energy was emitted in discrete packets, quanta, it would be a finite quanity of energy. Radiation of frequency v comes in quanta of energy E = hv where h is Planck's constant . Photons are the quanta of light. This began the idea of wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. 4 Quantum Mechanics Explanation of atomic particles including bosons and fermions . Describes the laws of motion for atomic particles and describes the spin of electrons that had previously been predicted. 5 General Relativity Einstein saw that special relativity was in contradiction with Newtonian gravity because the classical interpretation required the instantaneous transmission of force between two objects. General relativity accounts for a discrepancy in Mercury's orbit, predicted that light would be bent by a gravitational field (proved by Eddington during a solar eclipse), predicted the existence of black holes and gravitational radiation, and describes an expanding universe. "Gravity is a manifestation of the curvature of space-time." The equation for space-time geometry becomes GÂ µv = 8piGTÂ µv where G is Newton's contant and TÂ µv is the distribution of energy and momentum. 4 Quantum Field Theory Quantum Field Theory is the unification of quantum mechanics and special relativity. This union required the crea... ...ic Yang-Mills theory" 6. Works Cited 1 Greene, Brian. Superstring Theory. University of Cornell. Web site. http://www.lassp.cornell.edu/GraduateAdmissions/greene/greene.html 2 Herdeiro, Carlos. M-Theory: The Theory Formerly Known as Strings. University of Cambridge, 1996. Web site. http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/qg_ss.html 3 Pierre, John. Superstrings! String Theory Home Page. 1999-2001. Web site. http://www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/ 4 Schwarz, John. The Second Superstring Revolution. Caltech Particle Theory Group. Web site. http://theory.caltech.edu/people/jhs/strings/ 5 Schwarz, Patricia. The Official String Theory Web Site. Web site. http://superstringtheory.com/ 6 String Theory in a Nutshell. University of London String Theory Group. Web site. http://www.strings.ph.qmul.ac.uk/

Dove and Hawk View of Iraq War Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hawk and Dove Views of the Iraq War On March 18, 2003 the United States invaded Iraq. (The Washington Post) The War with Iraq is a very divisive issue around the world. Turn on any news show and you will see a daily debate on the pros and cons of going to war. Because of the situations that have occurred between the United States and Iraq, very different views and perceptions have developed. Much debate on the justification of the United States for being in Iraq, let alone overthrowing its â€Å"government†, has been presented from both sides – the Hawks and the Doves. My perception sees it like this. There are basically two different views of this war, one view being that of a Hawk and the other view being that of a Dove. The ideology of the Hawk symbolizing strength, sternness, and the notion of seeing what it wants and taking it and the Dove which normally symbolizes peach, love, and harmony, to me seems to be a perfect fit for icons of these two views. Hawks idealistically are mostly republican/conservative in the political scheme of things. The United States and the world had a duty to disarm a rogue nation like Iraq. Saddam Hussein was a tyrant that had demonstrated a complete disregard for human life and needed to be brought to justice. The people of Iraq are an oppressed people, and the world has a duty to help these people. The oil reserves of the region are necessary to the world’s economy. The WORLD not just the United States. An element like Saddam and his regime threatens the oil reserves of the entire region. The practice of appeasement only fosters even bigger tyrants. Saddam had continuously reneged on promises made to disarm any weapons and follow UN resolutions made. The removal of Saddam Hussein and his regime would uphold previous UN resolutions and give the body some credibility. By removing Saddam from power, the world of the future is safer from terrorist attacks. Rush Limbaugh is a very famous journalist and radio personality. He is noted for his Republican/conservative, somewhat brass ways of bringing to light topics with such Debatable justifications. Limbaugh denounces those who are urging restraint against force on Baghdad. "Everybody and their uncle is begging us not to go into Iraq – the Europeans, the West Germans, the Saudis," Limbaugh said. "While everybody wants regime change, they don't have the guts to... ... to be one common denominator between these very different points of view and that is neither side of this issue has EVER stated that they wanted or strived for the goal of going to war. This is called the â€Å"human factor†. No matter which side of the fence you are on here neither side still believes in the morals of a nation and its people, know the differences between right and wrong and have a love for human life. The Hawk’s believe enough is enough and that the U.S. must stand up and end this madness of putting our country in harms way. The Dove’s believe this to but believe there is a better way of obtaining this goal and that is by peaceful talks and compromises coinciding with mutual agreement of the entire world. Whether a person is a Hawkish or Dovish, in the end it probably comes down to their values, their knowledge of the issues, their social upbringings, their politics, and maybe their religion or lack thereof. Works Cited Balz, Dan and Jim VandeHie. Dean Stands By His Objections to Iraq War. The Washington Post. 16 Dec 2003. . Kovacs, Joe. Rush Limbaugh: Blast Iraq on 9-11. World Net Daily. Aug 2002. .

Oxygen and Life

Bio Lab 101 Smithsonian Laboratory Early Atmosphere 1. How abundant was oxygen in the early atmosphere? The earth’s early atmosphere contained only small amounts of free oxygen, produced by the reaction of water vapor with sunlight. The oxygen rich atmosphere that developed later and on which oxygen breathing life now depends was result of the origin and spread of organisms capable of photosynthesis. 2. What evidence do scientists have that the oxygen content of our atmosphere has increased since the earth’s origin?By looking at the rustiness of ancient rocks, scientists attempt to trace the evolution of oxygen in the atmosphere. 3. Why is oxygen more abundant in the atmosphere today? spread of organisms that did photosynthesis. 4. What are stromatolites? stramolites are laminated mound like structures that generally form in shallow water through the growth of microscopic blue-green algae and bacteria. 5. What do scientists think is implied by the presence of stromatoli tes in Precambrian rock?May of the algae and bacteria that build modern stramolites are photosynthesis. 6. What is ozone and how is it produced? Ozone screens out most of the ultra violet radiation from the sunlight. Ozone forms through the action of ultra violet radiation on oxygen in the upper atmosphere and many scientist reason that their layer could have formed only after oxygen from photosynthesis began to accumulate. 7. Why is the ozone important to life today? The ozone is important to life because it acts as a shield from the harmful effects of direct radiation. . What effect did increased levels of oxygen in the atmosphere have on early life forms? Created a threat because of the early life form because their environment polluted by their oxygen reducing neighbors whose internal chemistries could resist oxygen toxic free. Banded Iron Formation 1. What is banded iron Rock that contains oxidized iron, iron chemically combined with oxygen. 2. When did these formations become common? Formed in ancient years. About 2. 2 billion years ago. 3. What is the significance of these formations?Pebbles and cobbler show that liquid water was present on the surface of the earth, and ion oxides indicate free (uncombined) oxygen was also present, though at very low levels. The Oldest Rocks: Remnants of a Youthful Earth 1. How old are the oldest rocks on earth? The oldest rocks on earth date back to 3800 million years ago. 2. What evidence of life do these ancient rocks contain? the presence of oxygen to the activity of oxygen producing organisms, therefore life was far along. 3. Is this evidence great enough to allow scientists to conclude that life indeed existed during this period?No because the physical processes in the atmosphere could also have produced free oxygen and in some rocks residues that contain carbon have a make up similar to living matter but these residues to may have purely chemical origin. The Earliest Traces of Life 1. When do scientists think lif e originated on Earth? Between 4600 million years ago to 3500 million years ago. 2. What are the oldest fossils and how old are they? The oldest fossils on record are stromatolites, which date back to 3500 million years ago. The Precambrian 1.When did the first cells with nuclei appear? 3800 million years ago 2. Fossils of multicellular animals are from what time period? The fossils of multicellular animals date back to the Precambrian time period. 3. In what era did all of these events take place? The events listed above took place at the beginning of the Cambrian period to the end of the Paleozoic era. Origin of Life 1. What elements are most prevalent in living organisms? The six elements most prevalent in living organisms are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur. . Were these elements present in the infant solar system? The only element out of the six listed above that was present in the infant solar system was hydrogen. It also had helium. 3. What circumst ances may have fostered the development of chains of amino acids and nucleotides? The circumstances that may have played a part in the development of these chains were the conditions in which they were formed. They formed in small ponds that periodically heated and dried, leaving traces of these water molecules that would play a part in producing the chains. . What are the characteristics of the ancestors of living cells and what could they â€Å"do†? The ancestors of living cells, also known as the â€Å"forerunners†, were single celled, with a ring shaped coil of DNA. They would gather into clumps, absorb smaller molecules, rearrange them, and released them as waste products. 5. Why is water important to life? Water is the medium in which biochemical reactions occur, playing an extreme importance in creating and sustaining life here on earth. 6. What are the â€Å"true† hallmarks of life? omplicated network of energy producing an energy consuming reactions plu s the ability of the entire system plus the ability of the entire system to produce itself was the hallmark of true life. 7. What molecular evidence do scientists have that all life is at least distantly related and has a common ancestor? The possible varieties of proteins are virtually unlimited even for the primitive proteins life ferredoxin. If one calculates the possible combinations of percent amino acids along a ferredoxin chain of fifty four links the result is a number more potential variations than there are atoms in the known universe.Drspite the vast possibilities portions of amino acids sequences are similar or even identical in proteins from organisms as dissimilar as humans being and bacteria. Since it is unlikely that this could occur by chance, scientist interpret this to mean that all life is at least distantly related and shares common origin. 9. What conditions are thought to have existed on primitive earth that favored the origin of life? The conditions on primit ive earth that favored the origin of life included an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide and water vapor.Also, hot springs and small bodies of water formed the chemical building blocks of life. Single Celled Life 1. What are cherts? Cherts are sedimentary rocks that are fine grained, silica rich microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline, or micro-fiborous that contain fossils. 2. How old are these fossils? The fossils within cherts are between 2100 and 1800 million years old. 3. Were these prokaryotic or eukaryotic? These fossils within cherts are prokaryotic. 4. What evidence for eukaryotic (and possibly multicellular) life is found in the Greyson shale?The evidence for multicellular/eukaryotic life within the Greyson shale is found in the dark features of a samples surface. They are large, organized, and in a spiral shape, which represent the characteristics left behind of a eukaryotic organism. 5. How old is the shale? The shale is 1300 million years old. Multi-celled Life 1. Describe t he Ediacaran Fauna: Fossils of soft bodied organisms that lived mre than 570 million years ago occur in the sandstone deposit on the edicora hills of South Australia. 2. How old are these fossils? The fossils within the Ediacara Fauna are 570-670 million years old.

A Good Essay Or Term Paper Essay

1. Answers the question No matter how interesting or well-written an essay, you will not be given any credit for your efforts unless it answers the question that was set. Your argument and evidence must be relevant to the question. This is the most important feature of what makes a good essay. It must deal with the subject or the topic(s) posed in the question rubric. Your answer should demonstrate that you have understood what the question is asking for, that you have grasped its key terms, and that you have followed all its instructions. 2. Clear structure An essay should be like a good piece of architecture – built on firm foundations to carefully made plans. The points of your argument should be arranged in some structure which is logical and persuasive. If you are dealing with a number of issues, the relation between them should be clearly explained. The connections between each stage of your argument and the original question should be evident throughout the essay. 3. Appropriate style For an academic essay the third person (‘he’, ‘she’, or ‘it’) rather than the first person (‘I’) is a more preferable style. Occasional use of ‘I’ may be acceptable if a personal opinion has been specifically requested. You should keep your audience in mind. Try to imagine that you are addressing someone who is intelligent and reasonably, but not necessarily well-informed in the subject. Remember that your writing should be grammatically accurate. Poor punctuation and weak sentence construction will create a bad impression. Mixed tenses and metaphors should be avoided. Spelling mistakes should be corrected. 4. Arguments supported by evidence Essays should not be just a series of unsupported assertions. You need to provide some evidence to support them – either in the form of factual details, your own reasoning, or the arguments of others. In this latter case, you should always reveal the fact that you are using someone else’s ideas. Provide attribution by using a system of footnotes or endnotes and accurate referencing. Never try to pass off other people’s written words as  your own. This is called plagiarism – a form of intellectual dishonesty which is severely frowned upon in academic circles. 5. Clarity of thought One of the hallmarks of a good essay is that it demonstrates clarity of thought. This may be your ability to identify different issues and discuss them in a logical manner. It may mean organizing materials into a coherent structure for the essay. It could be showing that you are able to make important distinctions and insights. This may not come easily at first, but with practice it should be possible to gain greater clarity through discipline, selection, and planning. 6. Evidence of wide reading and understanding Essays are often set to encourage and direct your reading in a subject. If you show that you have read widely and thoroughly understood the subject you are discussing, you will be demonstrating your competence. The best essays are often produced by people who have taken the trouble to acquaint themselves both with the principal ‘set books’ and with secondary works of commentary and criticism as well. They will often show evidence of intellectual curiosity which has taken them beyond the bounds of what has been prescribed as a minimum. 7. Originality An essay will be rewarded with a good mark if it competently reviews all the well-known arguments in a subject and reaches a balanced conclusion. The highest grades however are often given – deservedly – to essays which display something extra. This may be a demonstration of original ideas or an unusual, imaginative approach. Such essays usually stand out because of their freshness and the sense of intellectual excitement they convey. But remember that you are not usually required to be original. Your tutor(s) will be perfectly satisfied if you simply answer their essay questions in a sensible and competent manner.